In response to the Holocaust, a school of philosophy emerged through the writings of George Steiner, Primo Levi, Jean Amry, Hannah Arendt, and others that focused on the analysis of the horrors and excesses of Nazi Germany. ... Interestingly, these events and philosophies also influenced George Orwell, a onetime English Socialist, who wrote the novel 1984. ... George Orwell's 1984 uses the characterization of Winston Smith in a way that demonstrates the validity of Arendt's thesis that the destruction of individuals by the totalitarian state takes place in three stages: the juridic...

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