This so called "decline" was caused by a number of factors not merely one as the question suggests, indeed Supple` s foreword (1) asks, "Are we to be concerned with the rate of growth of total income or of manufacturing output? ... The slow uptake of technical innovation was key in the British decline, for instance the Gilchrist-Thomas process of removing brittle phosphorous from pig iron opened the way to the use of phosphorous -rich ores, in plentiful supply in North East England, thus providing the cheapest iron ore in the world for the production of steel. ... The British government contri...

• Word Count: 3250
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

From England came the masterful work of Edward Gibbon, combining erudition with the philosophical concerns of the 18th cent. on the rise and decline of civilization. 10 The end of the century also brought the budding of archaeology out of antiquarianism and of philology out of classical scholarship. ... Macaulay in England, and Jules Michelet in France. ... Turner, emphasized social and economic factors in explaining historical development, as did the "new history- of James Harvey Robinson and Charles A. ...

• Word Count: 9269
• Approx Pages: 37

This took two forms, on the one hand, and linked to the deindustrialisation thesis, industries that were not closing for good relocated to suburban and exurban locations and new firms mainly established themselves outside of cities making it more difficult for those living in cities to access these jobs (see for instance Fothergill and Gudgin, 1982; Massey, 1984). ... The scale of the problem is rather simply expressed by the following government statistics referring to the gap between the most deprived areas and the rest of England: In the 10 per cent most deprived wards in 1998 44 per cent ...

• Word Count: 9857
• Approx Pages: 39
• Grade Level: Undergraduate