Essentially, the bottom-up process involves perceiving things based on stimulus or pattern recognition. ... The top-down process often creates problems if we assume one animal is another based on similar characteristics. ... Lets take the example of data analysis as it relates to the availability heuristic. ... An example of priming would be saying a statement and seeing if the participant could finish it. ... Bottom-up and top-down processes are just one of the many characteristics that separate mankind from the rest of the animal kingdom. ...

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The assumption that there is little difference between humans and animals that brought the research on animals. ... Observational learning whereby an individual sees someone else's behaviour for example through the media, has a huge influence on society (Cullis, et al., 2002). ... The humanistic approach emphasizes on understanding human behaviour by studying humans not animals (Raghunathan, 2012). It has rejected the behavioral approach for its focus on reinforcement of stimulus response behaviour and for being greatly dependent on animal research (Mcleod, 2007). ... Gross (2010) gave ...

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Watson's field was animal psychology; he tells us himself that he preferred to work with animals rather than human subjects, and disliked serving as an introspective subject(Leahey, 1980). ... His first criticism was that there was no room in structuralism for animal study, because its focus was entirely on human consciousness. ... Watson also noted that researchers had provided no firm criterion for ascribing consciousness to animals, and that in any case experiments were designed without reference to consciousness in animals. Watson's basic point was that ascribing consciousnes...

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The human brain acts in a similar way to that of its animal counterparts. ... Instead it reacts to a stimulus and takes the best measures. ... Without a thinking mind the human being becomes an animal. ... Lets take the example of Descartes injured foot. ...

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For example, the Freudian slip was created because Freud recognized that sometimes that when one has a "slip of the tongue" moment it is reveled as a person's true feelings. ... For example the conscious mind makes you aware that you have to go to the bathroom or that your body needs food or rest When it came to Freud's theory he suggested that, people must successfully pass through five stages of development in order to become healthy, well adjusted adults (Miller & Shelly, 2001, p. 35). ... For example of a parent makes the child go to the bathroom on a scheduled routin...

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Their theory expressed the belief that experiences were "reduced to individual parts, and against behaviorism's reduction of experiences to simple stimulus-response reflexes" (Dahl, 2005). ... A simple example of this would be a spot of one color surrounded by a different color. In this particular example, we would perceive the visual field as two components: the spot and the surrounding color. ...

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