They measure "mediating" processes, focusing on incentives and costs associated with victim reporting (Felson et al., 2002). ... As discussed earlier the indicators that Felson et al., believe are important to the decision making process are broken into cost and incentive categories. ... "As predicted, females are more likely than males to call the police to protect themselves" (Felson et al., 2002). ... They fear reprisal from men more because they are seen as more powerful and according to Felson et al., "more prone to violence" (p. 4). ... The hypothesis stating, "privacy is more likel...

• Word Count: 1389
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography

Even recently, the concept of desistence in life course study has been viewed as a stable, discrete "end- state rather than a developmental process (Bushway et al., 2001). ... As an example, many life course investigations into delinquency attend to the relationship between age and offending but in doing so confound what are two distinct elements in a process, according to Bushway et al. (2001). Instead, as found by studying desistence, it may be "age-graded changes- in offending behavior rather than aging itself that are part of the causal mechanisms (Bushway et al. 2001). ... A seemingly ...

• Word Count: 672
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Brewin et al. (1989) go on further to outline four theories to explain homesickness: expectancy, attachment, social support, and social affiliation. ... Brewin et al. (1989) concluded that homesickness is predicted by "greater self-reported dependency" on others and also by higher expectations that many college freshmen experience homesickness. ... After studying the different ways homesickness has been measured in past research, the authors derived a 33-item questionnaire to measure homesickness primarily as a grief reaction to separation from home (Archer et al., 1998). Archer et...

• Word Count: 1005
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

A literature review is provided examining dominant paradigms and illustrating that despite some contestation, there is widespread agreement of the significant role evidence plays (and in a more normative sense should play) in policy-making (Smith & Kulynych 2002, Young et al. 2002, Cartwright & Hardie 2012). ... It follows that the best that can be hoped for is policy that is informed by and aware of evidence, with context being the raison-d'être of evidence utilization (Nutley et al. 2007, Marston&Watts; 2003, Locock&Boaz; 2004, Stanhope and Dunn 2011). ... Literature Review For advocat...

• Word Count: 2455
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Summary The purpose of the experimental research design conducted by Kimberly McDuffie, Margo Mastropieri, and Thomas Scruggs was to examine several factors; the effects of a peer-tutoring intervention on the academic achievement amongst students with and without disabilities, differences in students' academic achievement between co-taught and non-co-taught settings, and what is the added value of peer tutoring is implemented in the context of a co-taught setting (McDuffie et al., 2009). The authors hypothesized that students in peer tutoring would do better than those without the peer tu...

• Word Count: 775
• Approx Pages: 3
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Realistically there is no law that exists for creation science, science cannot test supernatural possibilities (Cicerone et al 2008, p.39) hence explanations and predictions are fruitless. ... Unlike evolution, even though completely radical, is realistic, as Darwin was able to provide sound explanations and predictions about the origins of life in accordance to our common ancestor (Cicerone et al 2008, p.24). ... However it intelligent design creationism is not supported by scientific evidence, as it cannot be empirically tested (Cicerone et al 2008 p.42). Like Ruse, Cicerone et al, argue tha...

• Word Count: 1309
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There are approximately five million patients in the United States with the diagnosis of CHF (Paradis, Cossette, Frasure-Smith, et al, 2010). ... Recent studies identify CHF as the most common reason for hospitalizations of the elderly which costs Medicare approximately ten billion dollars (Lopert, Shoemaker, Davidoff, et al., 2012). ... The Roughead, Barratt, Ramsay, et al., research suggests including a collaborative review of the patients' medication regimen to help remove barriers (Roughead, Barratt, Ramsay, et al., 2009). ... Other health professionals also were utilized, such as nur...

• Word Count: 2013
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

All reference materials must be accurate because they contain useful sources of further information (Riegelman et al. 2013). ... Here, a research hypothesis is not necessary (Riegelman et al. 2013). ...

• Word Count: 587
• Approx Pages: 2
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The third article entitled "Critical thinking in Distance Education and Traditional Education" written by Visser et al looks at the development of critical thinking amongst traditional and distance education students. ... Visser et al study bring attention external factors that contribute to lack of critical thinking skills amongst students. Visser et al also shows the opportunities and inadequacies of both distance and traditional education. ...

• Word Count: 1082
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Socrates said that the "unexamined life is not worth living for a human being" (West et al. 92). ... " (West et al. 66) By investigating the things under the earth and in heaven, he was examining the foundations of the principles that the Athenians lived by. ... However, Socrates was the only one to examine other sophists in order to get to the root of true wisdom (West et al. 69-72). ...

• Word Count: 984
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

The authors of the article, Hamlin, et al. hypothesized that preverbal infants do social evaluation. The hypothesis is then confirmed with the results suggesting, "preverbal infants assess individuals on the basis of their behavior towards others" (Hamlin et al. 2007). ...

• Word Count: 832
• Approx Pages: 3

In the psychodynamic approach, there was no original scientific experiment carried out by Freud, but later studies such as Adams et al (1996) who looked into homophobia began to use objective ways to gather their findings. ... As an example, Saccone et al (2006) looked at the effects of nicotine dependency using brain scanning method. ...

• Word Count: 845
• Approx Pages: 3
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

(Bernstein et al, 1997) Locke acknowledges that humans have inherent propensities that monitor our thought, emotion, and bodily processes, but that concepts of religion, politics, math, and science are all impressions that have resulted from experience. ...

• Word Count: 296
• Approx Pages: 1
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Research conducted by Hunttelocher et al. (1994) supported these claims as well. ... Huttenlocher et al (1994) tested this hypothesis through an experiment in which young children had to determine the amount of objects that were hidden inside an array after a certain number of objects had been added or removed from it. ...

• Word Count: 2108
• Approx Pages: 8
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For both Peterson et al. (2008) and Takaku (2006), participants were randomly assigned to two different conditions. ... Takaku (2006) had his control group not cut off anyone before being cut off by a driver however, those in the no-hypocrisy condition in Peterson et al (2008), which was the control group for the smoking study, were not required to make a video. ...

• Word Count: 2119
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Humphreys was criticized for his sympathy with the plight of his subject population (Beauchamp et al 1982), this emotional involvement could potentially have created a confirmation bias in the produced results. ...

• Word Count: 826
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Doctor Harold Koenig, associate professor of medicine and psychiatry at Duke University, did such a research and compiled a comprehensive document, citing the studies done on the affect of prayer upon health (The Handbook of Health and Religion, Koenig, et al, 1997). ...

• Word Count: 1009
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: High School

In the traffic environment one aspect that occupies several disciplines is the aspect of traffic safety. All disciplines have to think about that different traffic safety measures have other effects than just reducing the risk of being killed or injured, such as increased travel time, inconvenience,...

• Word Count: 4198
• Approx Pages: 17
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

1. Introduction The basic role of the university and public, academic environment, which also includes faculty as parts of universities, was for many years focused on two main activities - education and research. Slowly it began to emerge and assert a third main business faculties or universities, a...

• Word Count: 7284
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• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Johnson et al (1984) offer us a general definition of the term, stating that it refers to the extension of empiricist models of natural science, to the field of human action, by arguing for either a methodological or substantive unity of the two (page 32). ...

• Word Count: 2946
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Furthermore, a change in behaviour may not be noted by the researcher as they may not have had previous interaction so may not be aware of their behaviour in the first place so, they would take it as the norm (Peterson et al, ek313, online). ...

• Word Count: 1983
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The aim of this essay is to compare and contrast the two various approaches to managing people which are; scientific management introduced by Federick Taylor and the views of the human relations approach of the management of people at TGI Fridays and UNICEF UK. To start with scientific management i...

• Word Count: 2238
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

The field of educational technology has links that go back for almost a hundred years, at least to the museum movement in the early part of the 20th century. The museum movement and the success of training and development work during the two world wars were major factors in the development of the field. Educational technology flourished in the 1950's and continues to play an important role in many colleges of education. The particular sub-discipline of educational technology we will explore in this paper does not have a long history. Information technology and teacher education (ITTE) i...

• Word Count: 8566
• Approx Pages: 34
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate