Pourtois et al. (2004) investigated the bias of attention towards fearful faces whilst participants completed a task regarding spatial orienting. ... In 1996, Purcell et al. attempted to replicate Hansen and Hansen's 1988 study. ... Purcell et al suggested that the dark patches on the angry faces confounded how the data was interpreted, leading to invalid hence unreliable findings. In regards to the aforementioned weakness highlighted by Purcell et al, studies taking into account the visual presentation of faces have been conducted. For example, Fox et al (2000) used schematic faces ins...

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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The results obtained via fMRI showed that activation of the fusiform gyrus was greatly affected by whether or not the participant was attending to the face (Vuilleumier et al., 2001). ... The central criticism was that the matching task previously given to participants in Vuilleumier et al. (2001), was not difficult enough. ... In contrast to the earlier study, Pessoa et al. (2002) found that the activation associated with faces only occurred when faces were attended to. ... In support of this, accuracy rates for the bar task were 64% compared to 86% for the matching task in Vuilleumier et al ...

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Brewin et al. (1989) go on further to outline four theories to explain homesickness: expectancy, attachment, social support, and social affiliation. ... Brewin et al. (1989) concluded that homesickness is predicted by "greater self-reported dependency" on others and also by higher expectations that many college freshmen experience homesickness. ... After studying the different ways homesickness has been measured in past research, the authors derived a 33-item questionnaire to measure homesickness primarily as a grief reaction to separation from home (Archer et al., 1998). Archer et...

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The results in this study determine that the cognitive interview in a more ecologically valid setting than that employed by (Geiselman et al., 1984). Geiselman et al (1985) found that the participant using the cognitive interview accurately recalled significant information than others. ... According to the experiment conducted by Geiselman et al, (1985) conducted hypnosis, determine that no memory can be enhanced with hypnosis. Researchers have found that hypnosis can improve memory without showing increased confabulation or greater susceptibility to misleading questions (Geiselman et al., 19...

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Nolen et al. (2009) suggested that if behaviour was suppressed during childhood, it could later on manifest itself in forms of emotional problems or symptoms of mental infirmity. ... Basically traditions, values, behaviours and beliefs that are passed to one another as shared by the group of people present in the society refer to culture (Holt et al, 2013). Every culture has its own social norms and those norms are made to let the community know what behaviour is acceptable and expected from them (Holt et al, 2013). ... This was all because of the care given to her by her aunt, the transmiss...

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As stated "The advances in the field of behavior genetics have begun to identify specific genes that are involved in the development of complex disorders such as schizophrenia" (Gerber et al., 2003; Hashimoto et al., 2003; Williams et al., 1999) and autism (Lamb, Moore, Bailey, & Monaco, 2000; Nurmi et al., 2003). ...

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Achievement is not only desired by first-borns more than the other birth positions, but the first-borns also take more responsibility for good performance (Phillips et al, 2000). ... In terms of sociability, later-borns are more socially active (Steelman et al., (2002). Steelman et al. suggests this is a result of having to develop compromise, (Although all siblings have to compromise to live harmoniously, as illustrated before, the first-borns tend to take a leadership role rather than that of an equal) to deal with other siblings. ...

• Word Count: 480
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Social interchanges, an "interpersonal interaction in which two individuals behave in ways that contribute to each others' general patterns of behavior" (Farmer, et al., 2012, p.151) have two forms of synchronized behavior: reciprocity and complementarity in which two individuals respond with similar behaviors, and in which the behavior of one is necessary for the behavior of the other, respectively. ... They "elicit and constrain the interactions and opportunities youth are afforded in the school context" (Farmer, et al., 2012, p. 154). ... A tiered intervention frame...

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• Grade Level: Graduate

Beckwith et al(1992), Eshel et al(2006) and Landry et al (2008) are some people who have previously worked on a similar problem presented in this paper(Child Development pg.1198-1208). ... Sarah Whittle et al (2013) are another group of people who researched on a similar problem as well. ...

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The researchers conclude that these two hypotheses are related but focus on two different questions (Marcusson-Clavertz et al., 2016). ... "(Marcusson et al., 2016, p. 453) The method used to prove their hypothesis was a series of tests administered by the experimenters. ... The second session consisted of "the second version of the Stroop task, followed by the Dissociative Experiences Scale and the SART" (Marcusson-Clavertz et al., 2016, p. 456). ... (Marcusson-Clavertz et al., 2016) In an article entitled "Hit the Reset Button in Your Brain," from The New York Times, w...

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Independent learning is self-directed learning (Mayer at al., 2008b). ... Also a good way of helping is not giving unclear advices as it may confuse students.The literature provides a variety of suggestions relating to how teachers can promote this kind of learning by using strategies such as scaffolding, providing students with opportunities to self-monitor, by offering models of behavior and developing a language for learning (Meyer et al., 2008a). ... Finally, as Christie et al. (2013) imply there are two main factors to be considered in the transition period from college to university, th...

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Owen et al. (2010) concluded that in all three groups, the results provided no clear evidence to support the belief that regular use of computer programs using brain training tasks, improves overall cognitive function in healthy participants, beyond the tasks that were actually provided. ... From this Smith et al. (2009) gathered 487 applicants all 65 years or older with substantial cognitive damage, they were then arbitrarily assigned into age groups, the age groups were then randomly put into either an experimental group or a control group. ... Smith et al. (2009) concluded that the result...

• Word Count: 908
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(Saecker et al., 2010, p.960) Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity disorder is a condition that involves a learning impairment and behavioural problems, due to the fact that a child/ adolescent is unable to pay attention for a long period of time. ... (Fisher, Hawkridge, 2013, p.136) There is also a myth that states, ADHD only occurs in males, although that myth is false, ADD/ADHD occur more in males than in females (Saecker et al, 2010, p.970), it is a ratio of 2:1 in children and 1:6 in adults (American Psychiatric Association, 2013, p.63). 50% to 80% of the times ADHD will continue into a pa...

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According to Adler et al. (2015), hearing is the physiological ability to perceive the presence of sounds in the environment, while listening occurs when the brain reconstructs these electrochemical impulses into a representation of the original sound and then gives them meaning. ... Rapid thought is when someone's mind wanders while the speaker is talking due to extra "mental spare time" as Adler et al. (2015) likes to call it. ... Task-oriented listening, according to Adler et al. (2015), is "designed to secure information necessary to get a job done". ...

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Studies have been done to try and find what treatments are beneficial to people living with some form of anxiety disorder (Westin et al., 2011, p. 01) As complex as we are as human beings there is not one way to treat anxiety. ... It has found to be more successful to have acceptance along with cognitive behavior therapy because it try to stress that there is flexibility psychologically (Westin et al., 2011, p. 02) This means that instead of focusing on avoiding experiences that could trigger these kinds of anxiety it is better to focus on how to handle these feelings when the moment arises...

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In addition (as Barkow et al. and Heinrich and Gil-White have noted), when an individual is perceived to command a high degree of deference or popularity this too can elicit preferential attention. ... Research Flaws Beyond further investigating "Facebook depression," there may be other effects of the medium that are worthy of inquiry (Krasnova et al., 2013). ...

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In the psychodynamic approach, there was no original scientific experiment carried out by Freud, but later studies such as Adams et al (1996) who looked into homophobia began to use objective ways to gather their findings. ... As an example, Saccone et al (2006) looked at the effects of nicotine dependency using brain scanning method. ...

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The positive benefits of combat sports are also found in Fletcher's (as cited in Nichols, 1992, p. 184) and Palermo et al.'... In Fletcher's case, emotional control was gained through boxing, while for Palermo et al. (2006), when taught appropriately, martial arts could be effective in reducing problem behavior. ...

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Culture on the other hand is a concept that signifies those external or ideological factors which reign over the current sociopolitical milieu, and which influence its citizens (Triandis et al., 1980). ... Genetic researchers (Sforza et al., 1994) have concluded that the "genetic differences between so-called races account for only 0.012% of human biological variation ", and when calculated statistically, the genetic difference found between two separate geographical populations and those found in a single population are completely insignificant (Cameron & Wycoff, 1998). ...

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Criticism However, going back actually to that first scenario of Kitty Genovese in 1964, Rachel Manning and her colleagues found that the story wasn't as clean as people thought (Manning et al. 2007). ... This is a combination of all the published research on the Bystander effect, and they concluded that the presence of bystanders does reduce helping responses (Fischer et al. 2011). ...

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Human skills are needed at all levels of management where as technical skills are more important at entry levels (McCuddy et. al., 2004). ... Technical skills involve proficiency using selected methods, processes and procedures to accomplish tasks, knowledge of expertise gained through experience and education, and performing specialized tasks (McCuddy et. al., 2004). ...

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People might be able to describe the weapon that is used in a crime, but not the features of the person that is carrying the weapon (Kramer et al 1990). ... By way of illustration, Geiselman et al (1985) was able to construct a better interviewing system wich is called 'the cognitive interview'. ...

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Alexander et al's. (2009) as cited in Gery (2009) suggest that multidimensional schema helps us to put distinctive theories of learning realizing that the speculations involve different puts in this multidimensional space. ...

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Stereotyping can be defined as "generalizations about a group of people in which the same characteristics are assigned to all members of a group. Prejudice is "a learned attitude toward a object, involving negative feelings (dislike or fear), negative beliefs (stereotypes) that justify the attitude...

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Television Violence: A Dilemma This is our society - the American society - where freedom of press is guaranteed, where you are free to express your opinion - but we should regret that the liberty granted does not care for the hue and cry raised by social organization which go unheard, espec...

• Word Count: 859
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