They measure "mediating" processes, focusing on incentives and costs associated with victim reporting (Felson et al., 2002). ... As discussed earlier the indicators that Felson et al., believe are important to the decision making process are broken into cost and incentive categories. ... "As predicted, females are more likely than males to call the police to protect themselves" (Felson et al., 2002). ... They fear reprisal from men more because they are seen as more powerful and according to Felson et al., "more prone to violence" (p. 4). ... The hypothesis stating, "privacy is more likel...

• Word Count: 1389
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography

Gender inequality is the denial of autonomy and equal rights to one group of people based on their gender (Bonvillian et al. 2013:42). ... Men learn to disvalue women and to assume rights to control women's activity (Bonvillian et al. 2013:42). ... The egg and the sperm are also described in stereotypical feminine and masculine traits (Bonvillian et al. 2013:42). ... They are also exploited as objects to be given away in marriage exchanges (Bonvillian et al. 2013:62). ... Also men wanted to have dominance over their partner's actions and feelings (Lewis et al. 2008:192). ...

• Word Count: 1410
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography

There has been raging the debate about the superiority of the two sexes (Angier et al., par1). ... Women are less likely to pursue engineering even if they perform well in mathematics (Angier et al., par15). ... Recent research is inconclusive as it suggests that the male and female brains are very dissimilar (Angier et al., par11-13). ... In America, boys score an average of 35 points more than girls do in the subject (Angier et al., par21). However, girls and boys in other countries such as Japan have the same aptitude for the subject (Angier et al., par22). ...

• Word Count: 828
• Approx Pages: 3
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

Extended research that supports these hypotheses also suggests that butch lesbians may be physiologically similar to heterosexual men due to prenatal androgen exposure (Bassett et al. 2001; Brown et al. 2002; Pearce et al. 1996; Singh et al. 1999). ... Past research has shown that finger length is associated to prenatal androgen exposure that results in men having longer ring fingers than women (Manning et al. 1998). ... They found that femme lesbians showed more jealousy to physically attractive rival and also sought financial resources from partner (Bassett et al. 2001). Personal dating ads ...

• Word Count: 1702
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Anything related to positive physical sensation leads to experience of love (Zosuls, et al 2011). ... Some parents might not find this normal as the young boys might start having frequent erections (Zosuls, et al 2011). ... At this early stage, the child will start to associate with certain behaviors referred to as gender roles of being male or female (Zosuls, et al 2011). ... The children get to explore their bodies purposefully during the period (Zosuls, et al 2011). ...

• Word Count: 625
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: High School

Frederick and his fellow authors point out in their definitive article, "people can have chromosomes, genes, hormone levels, internal genitalia, external genitalia, and brains that don't all line up in terms of being male-typical or female-typical (Frederick, et al. 2008). ... They found that there is a robust amount of gender appearance rigidity in early childhood and kids learn at an early age what is social appropriate for their respective gender (Halim, et al. 2014). Surprisingly, parental preference did not seem to have much of an effect on any of the examined children's ap...

• Word Count: 1224
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Barnlund and Bellah et al. present a common interest of communicative involvement and societal progress. ... Robert Bellah Et Al writes on individuals from society who create identities for themselves. ... One of the individuals incorporated by Bellah Et al. is Cecilia Dougherty. ... Authors Bellah et al present the lives of multiple individuals and portray how their lives are benefited from the involvement their community. ... The reason is we are all social animals and we must live and interact and work together in the community to become fulfilled" (Bellah et al 68). ...

• Word Count: 1394
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Sexual dimorphism: the difference between males and females in the same species, (Samal et al., 2007) is a great way to acknowledge these instincts. ... This additional production of adipose in females occurs as a result of oestrogen stimulation towards the end of puberty, and is largely deposited around the buttocks, thighs and hips (Singh et al., 2010). This deposition of fat, as well as the expansion of the pelvic bone, creates an hourglass figure for most women, which is very distinctive from a male's more muscular body shape (Singh et al., 2010). ... It therefore makes sense that wom...

• Word Count: 1391
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Phipps et al. stated that it is "possible that during a long absence from paid employment women not only fail to acquire human capital, but their existing human capital may actually deteriorate" (2001:420). ... An explanation stated by Albrecht et al. can supplement Drolet's idea more. According to Albrecht et al. (1999), the nature of a work interruption may be taken as a signal by future employer about the individual worker's type. ... As estimated by Phipps et al. (2001), "women currently working full time, average total hours of unpaid work are 33.5 per week". ...

• Word Count: 1514
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Introduction Today, Internet and electronic devices play indispensable role in modern society as a result of rapid technological development which has incorporated into people's daily lives (Hellström et al., 2012). ... However, problems occur when gaming becomes an obsessive act, taking over gamers' lives (Hellström et al., 2012). ... Impact of Violent Online Games on Aggressive Behavior According to Kim et al. (2008), university students who play violent online games exhibit higher aggression levels than those who play non-violent online games. ... However, students who ...

• Word Count: 1342
• Approx Pages: 5

However, there is evidence to show that the pseudo-penis does show a high cost to fitness, which makes it unlikely to be adaptively neutral. [7] Developmental stages of the Spotted Hyena A 2005 study done by Cunha et al. delineated the ontogeny of the spotted hyena. ... In this same study, Cunha et al. treated pregnant spotted hyenas with anti-androgens, in order to discern if placental androgen levels contributed to the masculinization of the genitalia. ... Because these androgens have been concluded to come from the fetal ovaries, Glickman et al. hypothesized that such hormonal levels could...

• Word Count: 1647
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Introduction The topic of sex differences in the play preschoolers has been explored by many researchers in the past. Studies have been conducted on basic sex differences such as what toys and gender of playmates do young boys and girls prefer. The size of children's play networks, as well as if these networks change in the size during the preschool years have been explored. Also, differences in styles of play and the occurrence of positive and negative interactions have been examined. The effect that parents have on their sons and daughters, as well as preschool classrooms a...

• Word Count: 2481
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

In the advertising process there are, according to Aaker et al, four main institutions: " the advertiser, the advertising, the media and the research suppliers" Aaker et al think that the most responsible people in the formulation of an advertisement are the Brand Managers. ... Aaker et al point out the necessity to associate feelings with the brand in advertising. ... Indeed Aaker et al believe that this emotional bonding is the medium through which brand personality is communicated to the audience. ...

• Word Count: 1975
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

To determine whether male and female managers differ in their leadership approach, Van Eagen et al. (2001) conducted a field study in four large department stores in the Netherlands. ... In their results, Van Engen et al. (2001) found no gender difference in the predicted leadership styles. ... In particular, they found that "male and female managers [were] more people-oriented, more transformational, and less task-oriented when leading in a feminine-type context, and less people-oriented, less transformational, and more task-oriented when leading in masculine-typed contexts" (Van Engen et al...

• Word Count: 2707
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Monetary benefits and costs shape individuals' agency, individuals who are believed to all have equal opportunities but positive inequality of outcomes (Greig et al., 2007). ... Moreover, they placed new technologies under the control of men, with the consequence that women became less important, received a reduced status, had less power and had a lower income (Greig et al., 2007). ... From a modernist perspective, development would therefore have a positive impact on women's social status overall (Greig et al., 2007). ... The fact that wives' responsibilities lie in performing...

• Word Count: 2203
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Positivist victimology is also concerned with 'victim proneness, 'victim precipitation' and the lifestyle of the victim, as Mendelsohn, (1963, cited in Davies et al. 2003) suggests that victims are somewhat culpable for the crimes that have been committed against them. ... (Davies, et al., 2003, pp. 3) The problem with this however, is that criminal statistics provided by the government departments and victimisation surveys do not accurately portray the 'dark figure' of crime. ... (Davies, et al., 2003, pp. 3) However, this appears to be the only value it has added ...

• Word Count: 1596
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

He believed that 'behaviour, including crime, is a social product, a result of interactions and patterns of learning that occur in the intimate personal groups and surrounding social circumstances that encapsulate the individual' (Hale et al. 2013: 123). ... This experiment was conducted in the way that 'a group of infants watched a film depicting an adult violently attacking a rubber 'Bobo' doll' (Hale et al. 2013: 124). ...

• Word Count: 3847
• Approx Pages: 15
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Members of the APA task force say, "Sexualization of girls has negative consequences on girls' ability to develop a healthy sexual self-image" (Zurbriggen et al.). ... One journal mentions that "media-idealized images have the most harmful and substantial impact on vulnerable individuals" (Dakanalis et al. p. 1). ...

• Word Count: 1245
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Abstract In recent years, many critiques expressed their concern about the social issue of gender in Western cultures. Although the notion of gender may seem obvious and natural to many people, nowadays, many others agree that this issue deserves more attention. The aim of this assignment is to disc...

• Word Count: 3244
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

In fact in Graham's study males were referred to seven times as often as females (Graham 1973 in Thorne et al 1983). ... Silveira (1980 in Thorne et al 1983) found in a series of studies that while women tended to interpret gender-biased "generic" pronouns as generic men tended to interpret them as meaning "male" and that this included terms that simply contained the word "man". ... Thorne et al (1983) points out another kind of linguistic sexism that more even clearly demonstrates the social disempowerment of women in the English language. ... While the argument still rages as to whether...

• Word Count: 2723
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

These sexually explicit ads, employed for a myriad of products, negatively portray women solely in terms of one narrow and stereotypically presented aspect of their gender roles: as sexual objects (Treise et al. 1994 pg.61) These advertisements use objectification to suggest that men buy the product to help them attract the women they represent in their advertisement. ... Treise (et al) explains how, "It is often believed that "sex sells," however it does not do so without creating some controversy". (1994 pg.65) All this further goes to highlight the ideological issues in advertisin...

• Word Count: 1800
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Many of these studies have seemingly similar results in that female drivers are more likely to stop at a stop sign than male drivers are or more generally more conforming to the laws of traffic (DeVeauuse et al.,1999; Harre, Field & Kirkwood, 1996; Sigelman & Sigelman's ,1976; Yagil, 1998 ). DeVeauuse et al. (1999) found that when there were no pedestrians in the cross walk the female and male drivers" results were similar in that they both had a significant amount of non-stops. ...

• Word Count: 1446
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

I have chosen to analyse the advertisement for the Lynx Apollo (2013) deodorant in order to illustrate the ways in which ideological content can be used to reiterate the hegemonic ideals of the dominant and ruling minority, upon the subordinate and working class majority, as seen from a feministic t...

• Word Count: 691
• Approx Pages: 3
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The bases of this come from the father's own sense of gender identity and that this influence encourages young males to conduct themselves in a certain manner (cited in Van Krieken et al, 2013). ...

• Word Count: 2543
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

In his article "Biological Limits of Gender Construction". J. Richard Udry attempts to apply the theory of sex-dismorphic behavior predispositions and the hypothetical normative structure of our society to a study of women that took place over the course of 30 years. In this study, scientists collected data about the women while they were still in their mother's womb, namely the level of androgen present. Since the level of androgen present is believed to be a factor in predicting the level of femininity or masculinity a person will show during adolescence and adulthood, Udry attempts t...

• Word Count: 2074
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate