In order for this process to work the reconstituted egg containing the DNA from the nucleus of the donor cell must be treated with chemicals to stimulate the cell division. The cloned egg is then placed into the female uterus and then continues to develop until birth. ... They do this by harvesting stem cells. Stem cells are extracted from the egg after it has divided for five days. ... This study of stem cells is hoped to one day replace diseased cells and treat things like heart disease and many others....

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As early ass 1952, scientists first demonstrated that they can remove the nucleus from frog egg, replace it with an embryonic frog cell, and then allow the egg to develop into a tadpole. ... Stem cells are extracted from the egg after it is divided for 5 days and is now called a Blastocyst. ... Mitochondria which are the energy sources of the cell, have their own short DNA segments. ... In somatic cell nuclear transfer, nuclear material from donor adult cells is transferred into an egg which has been denuded off its nucleus. Chemical treatment with a substance like Ionomyan is given to the...

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The "cloning debate" has now been joined by the "stem cell debate," and it is imperative that people appreciate the difference between Adult DNA Cloning and Therapeutic Cloning. Adult DNA cloning: (also known as somatic cell nuclear transfer) This process begins by removing an egg from a donor mother and extracting the nucleus, this creates an enucleated, essentially empty egg. ... (No matter how a somatic cell is obtained, it contains the DNA of the person, and thus contains all of the information required to produce a duplicate or cloned person) It is then placed in the womb of the mother...

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Preformationism contended that either the egg or the sperm contained a miniature person called a homunculus; development was a matter of growing once outside the womb (DNA Watson). ... Sutton saw that chromosomes were doubled-up, just like Mendel's paired factors, but he also identified a type of cell in which they were not paired (DNA Watson). These unpaired chromosomes came to be known as the sex cells and coincided with Mendel's observation that his pea plant sperm cells carried a single copy of factors (DNA Watson). ... Using the Drosophila melanogaster, or fruit fly, Morgan d...

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In clear terms, cloning is the process in which DNA of a female egg is replaced with different DNA from another cell. ... In this operation, the nucleus, which is the part of the cell that contains the DNA, is carefully removed from an unfertilized female egg and then replaced with the DNA from the cell of another person. The egg with the DNA from another person is then manipulated into believing it has been fertilized and is implanted into the womb of the mother just as is done in the process of in vitro fertilization. ... Simple tissues such as skin cells have already been cloned in labor...

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It is not unreasonable that we might be able to extract some dino DNA from the blood cells we recover. ... Step three is to use the dinosaurs DNA found in the blood cells as blueprints for another dinosaur. ... This would normally be a female dinosaur that produces an egg with DNA in it. Unfortunately, not any chicken egg will do it. ... The major problem here is that we just have the DNA, we don't know what species we have and even if we did we don't have a living dino egg of that species. ...

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A stem cell from a different animal is then fused with the enucleated egg cell from the original animal. ... The parent stem cell now begins to direct the function of the enucleated egg cell. ... In some case the two twins have the same DNA. ... A set of twins is created by the fertilized egg cell splitting into to completely separate cells. ... The doctor, or scientist, could take a small sample of cells and attach them to an enucleated egg cell. ...

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In 1938 a German scientist Hans Spemann proposes a "fantastical experiment" to transfer one cell's nucleus into an egg without a nucleus, the basic method that would eventually be used in cloning. ... Other scientists will eventually use his method to "twin" cattle, pigs, goats, rabbits and rhesus monkeys. 1995 Ian Wilmut replicates First's experiment with differentiated cells from sheep, but puts embryo cells into an inactive state before transferring their nuclei to sheep eggs. The eggs develop into normal lambs. ... It involves removing one or more cells from an embryo and encoura...

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In order to utilize these stem cells, a skin cell (or any cell for that matter, seeing as how every cell in our body carries genetic material) is injected into a woman's egg, and from that egg, an embryo is created (Donn). It is these embryonic stem cells that hold so much potential for our future. ... The cells, coming from more than 3,200 mammals and 355 species and subspecies, are all being held in frozen vaults to later have the DNA extracted from those cells and transferred to neutral eggs that have had their genetic DNA removed (Spotts). These eggs have been injected with the D...

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However, the parts of the egg cell needed for cell growth and development are left intact. ... The nucleus and the egg cell are placed next to each other, and electrical charges are emitted into them. ... The nucleus would be removed from the cell and transferred to an enucleated egg. ... A type of DNA called mitochondria DNA is not removed from the mother during the fertilization. ... So, it also is left intact in the egg cell for the fertilization. ...

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Once the egg cell detected that it had a full set of chromosomes, it began to divide and grow (Gill 73). ... In one stage, the cells are adding to the DNA; in another, they are proofreading it; and in another, splitting it. ... Take an egg and remove its nucleus, which contains the DNA/genes. Then take the DNA from an adult cell and insert it into the egg, either by fusing the adult cell with the enucleated egg, or by a sophisticated nuclear transfer. ... When an egg is fertilized and begins to divide, the cells are all alike. ...

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In the simplest language, cloning is the process in which the DNA from some cell of a body is put by an electrical shock into a female egg cell whose DNA has been removed. Then the egg cell is implanted into a womb, and after that it grows as same as a natural baby does.1 Many scientists think human cloning is a good way for infertile couples and unmarried people to have a child of their own. ... They just need to find a suitable mother and give DNA to her. ... We can get the DNA of great people and clone them. ... Secondly, if human cloning is allowed, there would be many blackmarkets of egg...

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Some of the stem cells sources are adult stem cells, cord blood stem cells, embryonic stem cells, freckles that yield stem cells, and stem cells from extracted teeth. Adult stem cells, also called somatic stem cells, possess the same basic characteristics of all stem cells[Mur14]. ... As with all stem cells, embryonic stem cells are unspecialized cells that have the ability just like the adult stem cells[Mur14]. However adult stem cell may have DNA error causing more issue than new DNA that does not have the time to change. ... In vitro fertilization is where you fertile an egg, but not place ...

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It involves inserting DNA into an unfertilized sheep egg to produce a lamb with identical DNA ("Wachbroit"). ... The resulting organisms are identical twins (clones) containing DNA from both the mother and the father. ... Using somatic cell nuclear transfer, scientists transferred genetic material from the nucleus of an adult sheep's udder cell to an egg whose nucleus, and thus its genetic material, had been removed. (All cells that are not egg or sperm cells are somatic cells.) ... The technique used to produce Dolly and other cloned animals is an extension of 40 years of research usin...

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The types of gene therapy described so far , all have one thing in common which is, that the tissues being treated are somatic (somatic cells include all the cells of the body, except sperm cells and egg cells). ... To obtain correct gene action, it may be necessary to put it into the correct site on the host (or another organism, where a plant or animal that lives on or in another, lives) cell chromosome, or even to delete the defective gene , and the DNA can then be replicated (or to reproduce exactly an organism, genetic material, or a cell.)each time the host cell divided. .....

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Stem Cells: Are They More Than Just Cells? ... A stem cells comes to be when an egg is fertilized and it triggers a majestic sequence whose first step is to create a new structure that is composed if stem calls. ... The different types of stem cells are embryonic stem (ES), embryonic germ (EG), fetal stem cells, and adult stem cells. ... The mastery of stem cells can lead to practical, affordable ways to eliminate many genetic diseases through DNA engineering, thus extending the human life span (Yount 40). ... That is why people are quibbling over stem cells because they are more than jus...

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It involves transferring DNA from a person's cell to a genetically blank egg. ... This cell contains the DNA that will make the clone. ... The second cell is an unfertilized egg. The nucleus is removed from the egg so it no longer contains any genetic material or DNA. ... While the somatic cell is in this state, it matches the enucleated egg cell, which simply means the egg has no nucleus. ...

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"To clone any animal, Navara says the first step is to take the DNA out of an egg. DNA is the part of a cell that tells it what to do. Then, scientists inject the DNA from the organism they want to clone into that egg and try to get it to divide and grow into an embryo. ... Gene therapy is currently limited because of inefficient vectors, or viruses that convey new genes into cells. A copy of a defective gene is in every cell of the body" (Hoon 1). ...

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Recombinant DNA lets laboratory specialist cut DNA from different species and put the molecules from it into bacteria or other types of cells. ... Bacterial cells have a single chromosome that has all the genes they need to have to grow and reproduce. ... Restriction enzymes are able to recognize and cut apart a foreign DNA that can enter a cell. ... Genes on a chromosome have one chance to be separated each generation during the formation of egg and sperm cells. ... The closer two genes are, the likelier that they will enter the egg or sperm together. ...

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In fact, cloning consist of taking for example the nucleus of an adult cell (containing of course 46 chromosomes) and put it into an egg of another person (the nucleus of this latest person's egg has to be removed). As a result, instead of twenty-three chromosomes prior to the fertilization process, the egg would contain forty-six of the other adult cell donor. The division of the egg produces an embryo, whose cells correspond exactly with those of the donor. ... An egg cannot combine with another egg, and a spermatozoid cannot mix with another spermatozoid. ... As stated earlier, the ...

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The procedure to extract DNA blood cells and link them to a specific species is called serology, which is studied by a serologist. ... This is where extraction of DNA comes into game. ... Within ten minutes, they feed on tissue and lay eggs in openings. Within twenty-four hours the eggs begin to hatch into maggots. ... The scientists are also aware that specific bugs lay eggs at a certain time in the day, some outdoors and others in the shade. ...

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A very significant contribution came in 1944 when American Oswald Avery located the nucleic acid DNA as the carrier of genetic information, instead of proteins in the cell. Further insight into this concept came in 1950 when Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase used radioactively labeled E. coli to prove that DNA and not proteins had penetrated interior of cells and was the true carrier of heredity. ... A glass needle was then used to remove the egg's own nucleus, and was replace with the nucleus of the blastula cell. ... He fused a cell from an 8-cell lamb embryo with an enucleated unferti...

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Following introduction into suitable host cells, the recombinant DNA can then be reproduced along with the host cell DNA. ... Cosmids are artificially constructed cloning vectors that carry up to 45 kb of foreign DNA and can be packaged in lambda phage particles for infection into E. coli cells. ... Bacteria are most often used as the host cells for recombinant DNA molecules, but yeast and mammalian cells also are used. 6. ... Cloning extinct animals presents a much greater challenge to scientists because the egg and the surrogate needed to create the cloned embryo would be of a species diff...

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This area encircles the tiny categories of sperm and egg. ... The first actual phase of both cell cycles, prophase, focuses on packaging DNA. ... Each pole of a somatic cell has the same number amount of DNA as each pole of a sex cell. ... This means in prophase, no crossing over; in metaphase, the chromosomes align on the metaphase plate not homologs; in anaphase, sister chromatids separate not chromosomes; and finally in telophase/cytokinesis, each daughter cell has its own two daughter cells, known as zygotes (sperm and egg), each contain half the DNA of somatic cells in the body. The impo...

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From there, a single skin cell (somatic cell) would be removed from either, or both, parents and the nucleus from these somatic cells would then be inserted into the "empty" egg thus fertilizing an egg for development inside a womb like any other conceived egg, but without the emotionally, financially, and physically draining process of other fertility treatments with a much higher predicted success rate. ... In a lesbian couple, the DNA of one mother would be combined with an egg extracted from the other mother figure, fertilizing it and reinserting it into the womb to carry out the...

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