Short-lived governments introduced initial democratic reforms throughout 1991. In 1992, the victorious Democratic Party government under President Sali Berisha began a more deliberate program of market economic and democratic reform. ... Fears that the shift of power from centralized one-party system system to multi-party democracy might turn into bloody revolution proved unfounded owing to the presence on both sides, the Communist Party and the democratic opposition, of peacefully-minded reformists committed to a peaceful solution, while the Catholic Church managed to cool down some militant...

• Word Count: 2078
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The penetration of the Communist regime into every facet of life left the Russian people with little democratic traditions. ... The dilemma facing the Russian Federation is that it finds itself with a charge of establishing and following democratic institutions, while at the same time facing secessionary pressures that seem to require extra-democratic means to preserve the integrity of the nation. ... After Stalin's death in 1953, Khrushchev became First Secretary of the Communist Party. ... He immediately resigned as the Communist party General Secretary, suspended all party activitie...

• Word Count: 1541
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Why Was Official Revolutionary Rhetoric No Longer Able To Conceal The Reality Of The Authoritarian One-party State In Eastern Europe In The Late 1980s? ... Earlier that day, the Communist authorities of the German Democratic Republic had announced the removal of travel restrictions to democratic West Berlin. ... In 1981, Poland's Communist authorities, under pressure from Moscow, declared martial law, arrested Solidarity's leaders, and banned the democratic trade union. ... Soon, the Communist parties of Bulgaria and Albania also ceded power. ... The rhetoric of the early Com...

• Word Count: 2359
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

On March 1985, Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev was elected general secretary of the Communist Party in Russia. ... In semi-democratic parliamentary elections in Poland, the Communists were roundly defeated and soon forced to accept a non-Communist prime minister. ... The reunification of Germany as a democratic nation was not a direct threat to the Soviet Union, but the fall of the Communism in Eastern Europe was. ... The fall of the communist parties in Bulgaria and Albania soon followed. ... He immediately resigned as Communist party general secretary, suspended party activities, and plac...

• Word Count: 1341
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: High School

They agreed to get rid of all Nazi parties. ... The Western Allies set up political parties in their zones held elections. ... These hopes were quickly dashed in the German Democratic Republic. ... In 1969, the Free Democratic Party won a razor thin victory in parliamentary elections, and Willy Brandt became chancellor. ... Its crafty first chancellor, Konrad Adenuer, knew how to exploit for the benefit of his country and his party. ...

• Word Count: 1311
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: High School

They wanted a system of government that was democratic, such as the one used in Britain, this meant an elected parliament shared power with the monarch. Following the idea of Karl Marx, a German writer, another revolutionary group was created, the Social Democratic Party. ... In 1903 the Social Democratic Party split into two different groups, the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks. ... The Mensheviks believed that revolutionary should be run by a large group with worker class included, it would be run democratically. The Socialist Revolutionary Party was one of the first groups to rebel against t...

• Word Count: 2288
• Approx Pages: 9

Under the rule of Lenin and the Bolshevik party, 1917 "1923 the forces of reaction were successful in preserving a dictatorship with the use of terror as a main instrument. Putting into consideration the circumstances in which the Bolsheviks seized power, it could be debated that intense terror was not needed to rule the state; the party had a majority of the votes. ... With the establishment of the Cheka, the Bolshevik Party actively intimidated the middle classes and aimed to terrorize them into submission. ... Democracy was banned and a one-party police state was established where poli...

• Word Count: 1853
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

"The communist international should represent a single universal communist party of which the parties operating in every country form individual sections." The Commintern implied Twenty one conditions for admission in to the group, something that was intended to centralize and strengthen the parties control and further their chance of revolution. ... In Britain there was a general strike as a result of British coal miners being threatened with longer hours and lower wages however it was soon called off due to their lack of support from the Communist Party. ... The Communists even sup...

• Word Count: 1433
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The next year, Stalin joined the Russian Social Democratic Party after meeting one of its members. The Party was founded in 1898. ... Vladimir Lenin was one of the leaders of the party. ... During this time the Russian Social Democratic Party split into two groups, the Mensheviks and the Bolsheviks. ... In 1912, Lenin promoted Stalin into the leading Bolshevik Party. ...

• Word Count: 1410
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: High School

The French revolution was the catalyst that ended the system of monarchy and aristocratic privilege and brought about the emergence of the common man and democratic rights in France. ... Lenin changed the course of Russia by ensuring that his party would resort to dictatorship rather than bow to the will of the masses. ... It was essentially a democratic document that proclaimed the sovereignty of the people. ... Utopian visions of a democratic state seemed almost tantalisingly achievable. ... Lenin, the father of communism, believed it the job of his party to exercise control of society...

• Word Count: 1763
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: High School

These include the different social, political and economic causes of the Russian Revolution, things such as which social class should lead the uprising, the Mensheviks who wanted to change Russia by a democratic vote and social reform. ... During this time many of the political parties that had been working underground finally came to the surface, the main contenders were the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks. The Mensheviks want a social reform but wanted it to be done in gradual way with each change being looked at by the government and then implemented democratically, but the Bolsheviks had a d...

• Word Count: 1801
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The parties will consult together whenever, in opinion of any of them, the territorial integrity, political independence or security of any of the parties is threatened. Article 5: The parties agree that an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all; and consequently they agree that if such an armed attack occurs, each of them, in exercise of the right of individual or collective self - defiance recognized by Article 51 of the charter of the United Nations, will assist the party or parties to attack by taking forthwith, i...

• Word Count: 1712
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Although Nicholas (II) had full control of Russia, his libral parties had the task of solving the peasent problems that were constantly erupting. ... The Revolution was to be a new starting point that even purely democratic problems, like the land ownership, cannot be solved without the conquest of power by the proletariat; but this in turn places the socialist revolution on the agenda. Moreover, during the very first stages of the revolution, the workers themselves posed in practice not merely democratic problems but also purely socialist ones. The demand not to transgress the bounds of bou...

• Word Count: 1882
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

He joined the Social Democratic party in 1901, and became a full-time revolutionary soon after that (The Unquiet 89). ... Stalin did many odd jobs for his party through his younger years. ... Stalin joined the Politburo, or the inner committee of the party, in 1919. He became the secretary general of the Bolshevik party in 1922 (Stalin Modern). ... Using these tactics, Stalin was the undisputed leader of the party by 1928 (The Party 14). ...

• Word Count: 1682
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

He joined the Social Democratic party in 1901, and became a full-time revolutionary soon after that (The Unquiet 89). ... Stalin did many odd jobs for his party through his younger years. ... Stalin joined the Politburo, or the inner committee of the party, in 1919. He became the secretary general of the Bolshevik party in 1922 (Stalin Modern). ... Using these tactics, Stalin was the undisputed leader of the party by 1928 (The Party 14). ...

• Word Count: 1682
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: High School

This will be achieved by applying the framework of greed and grievances to both parties and in depth system- level analysis. ... The events leading up to the war start off on September 7th, 1991 when members of the NCChP stormed the regional government headquarters occupied by the dissolving Soviet Communist Party with the aim of asserting independence from the Soviet Union. ... That following month, democratic elections were held resulting in a landslide victory for the NCChP led by former Soviet Air Force general Dzhokhar Dudayev. ... However, not everyone supported Dudayev's radical se...

• Word Count: 2137
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Here as the second congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party, (RSDLP), he already showed signs of being a powerful, convincing leader. Lenin's revolutionary ideas, tactics and policies allowed him to split the party on the issue of membership. ... "(1) Lenin's Bolshevik party attracted the support from professional revolutionaries from the provinces. ... Lenin was seen as the undisputed leader of his party. ... Leon Trotsky also joined that party. ...

• Word Count: 2093
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: High School

Unlike the western democratic nations with free markets, the Soviet Union operated an economy that was completely centralized. ... Germany, divided at the end of the war, was split into Eastern/Communist Germany and Western/Democratic Germany. ... Western Europe, aided by the United States, was democratic and capitalist. ... Within days of becoming party leader Gorbachev announced plans to restructure the economy. ...

• Word Count: 1987
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: High School

Since USSR had always been an isolated country, many of the ideas were promoted through propagandas, which depicted an unrealistic, distorted image of the democratic countries. As citizens exposed to the real democratic life, they realized that the Soviet government was not trustful anymore. ... On 4 April 1985, Yeltsin received a call from Gorbachev summoning him to take up position as Head of the Construction Department of the Party's Central Committee. ...

• Word Count: 1863
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Stalin was conditioned to be ruthless, from his abusive father to his work in the Bolshevik Party; he would follow a destructive path through out his life. ... His career in the Social Democratic party began as a propagandist among T"bilisi railroad workers. ... He also became known as an up and comer follower for the Bolshevik party, and helped organize a bank robbery in 1907 to help finance his party. ... Lenin the leader of the Bolshevik party, started to rally the people, and by October, they had seized power of the government. ... Stalin's work led to a promotion of commissar for...

• Word Count: 1904
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: High School

Palmer explains: "Castro, first secretary of the Cuban Communist party, the only party permitted, ruled as a dictator. ... In 1961, in response to fleeing citizens, the Soviets constructed the Berlin Wall, physically splitting the democratic West Berlin and the Communist East Berlin. ...

• Word Count: 1396
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: High School

The Bolsheviks became the majority party in most of the Soviets by October 2. ... Stalin was successful in establishing his dictatorship in the party, as well as in the country. Exhibit 12.4 Joseph Stalin Joseph Stalin then inaugurated an era of Five-Year plans in order to convert the weak, agrarian Russian economy into a powerful and stable industrial economy. ... Thus a war was declared between totalitarian dictatorship and democratic socialism, between Marxism and capitalism. ...

• Word Count: 1340
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: High School

ut their free democratic consent. ... Instead, communist governments were established in all those countries, noncommunist political parties were suppressed, and genuinely democratic elections were never held. ... The United States, although never a party to any sphere of influence agreement, indicated its generally limited interest in Europe when Roosevelt at the first plenary meeting in Yalta, said "the United States would take all reasonable steps to preserve peace, but not at the expense of keeping a large army in Europe The American occupation would therefore be limited to two years."" ...

• Word Count: 2338
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The ruling communist Party of Cuba continues to limit market reforms to tourisms, nickel production, and a small number of domestic farmers and retail businesses. ... The embargo was tightened by the Cuban Democracy Act of 1992, and the Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act of 1996 (Helms Burton). ... Canada passed the Foreign Extraterritorial Measures Act (FEMA), which permits any awards paid to the US to be recovered through the Canadian courts if the US party has assets in Canada. ...

• Word Count: 2137
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography

The transformation of a socialist state to a democratic one has entailed vital changes in all the areas of life. The establishment of a democratic political and social structure, the rule of law, the set-up of new political parties, and a pluralist parliamentary system are but a few of the exacting tasks that have been met. ...

• Word Count: 1918
• Approx Pages: 8