The goal of problem-solving courts is to identify and address underlying problems of the defendants, victims, and communities that lead to criminal behavior. ... Drawing on classic behavioral modification techniques, the judge applies a system of graduated sanctions and incentives, such as community service, more frequent court appearances, or several days in jail for noncompliance; or verbal praise, journals, or gift certificates for progress. ... For example, if a person is sent to a drug treatment court with a drug addiction, the courts treat the addiction and address the underlying cause o...

• Word Count: 4011
• Approx Pages: 16
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

During the height of voter fear generated by the crack cocaine epidemic, state and federal lawmakers dramatically increased both prosecutorial power and criminal sanctions in drug cases. ... Twenty three years later, these policies have had significant effects on the criminal justice system, most of them negative. ... It must be noted that even these reforms are handicapped to varying degrees by the continued involvement of the criminal justice system in treatment programs. ... This study found high rates of criminality among users during periods of active drug use and much lower rates during...

• Word Count: 2815
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Historically, substance abuse has been portrayed to mirror the lower class. It has been regarded as a disease that plagues only a specific group of people. Currently that is no longer the case as high profile celebrities and white collar; well respected upper class people have brought their addiction stories to the forefront. The difference with high profile celebrities and white collar addiction in comparison to those with much less stature is the ability to conceal their problem with adequate funds to supply their habits. They are not forced to commit crimes in order to finance their hab...

• Word Count: 3818
• Approx Pages: 15
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate