The initial intent of "Affirmative action" was intended to take positive steps toward increasing the representation of women and minorities in areas of employment, education, and culture from which they have been historically excluded. History indicated a tremendous amount of discrimination against women and minorities prior to the Affirmative Action initiative. The steps taken by the Affirmative Action plan aimed to eliminate previous prejudicial selections, as well as to serve as a sort of recompense for previous mistreatments. This seemed to be a positive step in the right dire...

• Word Count: 2365
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

There are parallels between the Southern Black's civil rights movement and the women's movement: Blacks have long been accustomed to the white government being unsympathetic to violent acts against them. During the civil rights movement, legal action seemed only to come when a white civil rights activist was killed. Women are facing similar disregard presently, and their movement is truly one for civil rights. ... This attitude of rising blatant and subtle attacks on women's civil rights is further exemplified in recent reactions to affirmative action plans. ... Johnson...

• Word Count: 2036
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: High School

This type of civil rights movement has been around since the beginning of the United States. ... Civil rights is not a new story. According to our text book, The Challenge of Democracy there is a lot of history behind civil rights. ... It was not until the 1950's that the civil rights movement began to make changes. ... There are civil rights, and discrimination cases every year. ...

• Word Count: 1454
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

Women and minorities were given constitutional rights that were refused to them for many years, but they continued to be discriminated against. ... The Civil Rights movement was making great strides when affirmative action was first introduced in the early 1960's. ... Shortly after becoming president, Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which prohibited the discrimination of all kinds based on race, color, religion, or national origin. ... The following year Congress passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965, making it easier for southern blacks to register to vote. ... The acceptance...

• Word Count: 1348
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

As a human being and especially as a citizen of the United States of America, I believe that civil rights are a very intricate part of our existence. ... In response to the civil rights movement, President John F. ... In 1964 after this term was coined, Title VI of the Civil Rights Act increased the authority of affirmative action agents to institute quotas and preferential hiring to increase representation of minorities and to ameliorate discrimination. ... Although affirmative action in the Civil Rights Act outlawed discrimination within minority groups involving employment, it did not cover...

• Word Count: 1414
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

In attempt to calm part of the storm, President Lyndon Johnson requested and received the most comprehensive civil rights act in history. ... Thus began the next stage in the battle for civil rights. ... However, some civil rights groups had recovered from the famine they had been put through during the 80's. ... The new movement called for an improvement upon the 1964 Civil Rights Act. ... In reaction to several Supreme Court decisions, the Civil Rights Act of 1990 (although it was not passed until a year later) was written, "To amend the Civil Rights Act of 1964, to restore and strength...

• Word Count: 1839
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

After the United States Congress passed the Civil Rights Act in 1964 minorities were no longer prohibited from the use of public facilities and job discrimination was no longer legally sanctioned. ... The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a major step in reducing de jure or law based discrimination but was unable to cease deep seeded de facto or actual discrimination in American society. The Civil Rights Act did not require employers to prove that any discriminatory policies were or were not used in the hiring of personnel, "Instead, the burden of proof was on the woman or minority group member who...

• Word Count: 2038
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

After the United States Congress passed the Civil Rights Act in 1964 minorities were no longer prohibited from the use of public facilities and job discrimination was no longer legally sanctioned. ... The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a major step in reducing de jure or law based discrimination but was unable to cease deep seeded de facto or actual discrimination in American society. The Civil Rights Act did not require employers to prove that any discriminatory policies were or were not used in the hiring of personnel, "Instead, the burden of proof was on the woman or minority group member who...

• Word Count: 2038
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Affirmative Action: Views of Opponents and Proponents Since the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960's, affirmative action has been a popular subject of debate in the United States. ... Without affirmative action policies, civil rights laws would be the political means of promoting equality. However, civil rights laws are hard to prove, usually small in number, and do not scare employers into enforcing the laws. With only civil rights laws and no affirmative action programs, the status quo would be frozen. ... One example of this is after a civil rights law suit. ...

• Word Count: 1660
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

In the 1950's there began a mass movement to break the pattern of racially segregated public facilities in the South. It took part in non-violent actions and was called the Civil Rights Movement. ... The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed in an attempt to further restate and broaden the applications of these principles, and eliminate segregation. ... "To enforce the constitutional right to vote, to confer jurisdiction upon the district courts of the United States to provide injunctive relief against discrimination in public accommodations, to authorize the Attorney General to institute...

• Word Count: 2301
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

An increasingly assertive opposition movement argues that the battle to guarantee equal rights for all citizens has been fought and won and that favoring members of one group over another simply goes against the American grain. ... Born of the civil rights movement three decades ago, affirmative action calls for minorities and women to be given special consideration in employment, education and contracting decisions. ... In the Voting Rights Act, and in federal legislation and regulations giving benefits to minority contractors, a form of affirmative action is already enshrined in law. Blacks,...

• Word Count: 1755
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The black rights and women's rights movements of the 1960's fought against injustice and discrimination that had been suffered by minorities for years [Hud99]In response, President Kennedy issued Executive Order 10925 in 1961, creating a Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity and mandating that projects financed by federal funding would "take affirmative action" to ensure that hiring and employment practices were free of racial bias [Hud99]. ... On the other hand, opponents of affirmative action believe that enough time has passed since the civil rights movement to justi...

• Word Count: 1760
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

It became most noticeable in the 1960's civil rights movement that was designed to break down the barriers of segregation and exclusion against people of minority status. ... Those policies worked to desegregate and include minorities at a level that was inconceivable before the civil rights movement. ...

• Word Count: 1573
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Ten years later Congress stepped in and passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964. ... The civil rights movement lose speed and following the Bakke case in 1978, less attention was given to the affirmative action debate. ... Here the court was asked whether "the University of Michigan's use racial preferences in undergraduate admissions violates the Equal Protection Rights Act of 1964. ... The brief submitted by the administration confronted the issue by emphasizing state rights and their role in education and diversity. ...

• Word Count: 1778
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

An increasing aggressive oppositional movement argues that the battle to guarantee equal rights for all citizens has been fought and won- and seeking constant forgiveness for a certain group is just against the grain. ... Affirmative action was born of the civil rights movements about three decades ago, affirmative action called for minorities and women to be given special consideration in employment, education and contracting decisions. After the United States Congress passed the Civil Rights Act in 1964, certain items became apparent. ... At this time, the United States was in the wake...

• Word Count: 1910
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

First used in federal government contracting, affirmative action was implemented to address discrimination that was prevalent in the workplace despite the civil rights movement. ... Despite civil rights laws the government clearly felt the need to mandate affirmative action to fight discrimination. ...

• Word Count: 1539
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DISCRIMINATION IN THE UNITED STATES I. Introduction People are different, but how society deals with these differences is what defines prejudice and discrimination. The social context of prejudice and discrimination because of race or ethnic background is common throughou...

• Word Count: 1328
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography

Affirmative action is perhaps one of the most heavily debated topics within companies and college admission offices. The steps taken to ensure that minorities are represented in college and the workplace can overstep boundaries and begin to cross into reverse discrimination. However, a balanced ap...

• Word Count: 1270
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Rosa Parks deciding that she was not going to sit in the back of the bus and Martin Luther King Jr. leading the Civil Rights movement in search of a color blind nation, are just a few of many events that were key in the reduction of racism(Washington 2). ...

• Word Count: 1282
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

It first appeared after the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s as an attempt to accompany the new legal equality gained for minorities with social and economic equality. ... Minorities have decades of unpaid labor, had land taken from them, were subject to brutal punishments and were denied most of the fundamental rights provided by our Constitution. ...

• Word Count: 1530
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate