Most histories are concerned with causality, that is, why certain outcomes happened as they did, and how they are linked to earlier events. 1 Origins of Historical Writing In preliterate societies, the accounts of the past are related orally, and many cultures have produced intricate and sophisticated oral histories. ... It was continued by such men as Ernest Lavisse, Charles Seignobos, and Achille Luchaire, who were among those who turned history into a wide study. 11 In the 19th cent. the history of the nation state became the dominant form of history writing. ... Turner, emp...

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In 1859, Charles Darwin presented what was to be one of the most revolutionary theories in biological science when he published his On the Origin of Species. ... Also contained in Darwin's theories was the notion of the "Struggle for Existence." ... The new philosophies which evolved from Darwin's theories were decidedly secular, not unlike Darwin's theory itself. One of the most influential social and ethical philosophies associated with Darwin's theory was that of the British philosopher, Herbert Spencer. Popularly dubbed "Social Darwinism," Spencer first conceived the p...

• Word Count: 5871
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• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate