It is worth mentioning the validated CFD based fluid/structure fracture model (FSFM) that was previously developed by Mahgerefteh and Brown (2011) for the prediction of ductile fractures occurring in pressurized pipelines used for transporting anthropogenic CO2 from various fossil fuel power plants. The overarching theory and crucial validation of this fluid/structure fracture model (FSFM) is excellently covered in Mahgerefteh et al., (2010) and Mahgerefteh et al., (2011). This model involved the use of Drop Weight Tear Test energy fracture model with Mahgerefteh et al.,'s extensively val...

• Word Count: 1647
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Pressure ulcers, also known as bedsores or decubitus ulcers, are an increasing concern within the healthcare setting (Shannon, Brown & Chakravarty, 2012). ... Patients that have been identified as high risk for developing pressure ulcers, include the elderly, those with acute illness, those in an orthopaedic setting and patients who are bed bound (Shannon, Brown & Chakravarty, 2012). ... The impact of pressure ulcers physically and emotionally can consequently lower patients' quality of life (Shannon, Brown & Chakravarty, 2012). ... These results are important as a decrease in blood flow ...

• Word Count: 1385
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The organic compounds are grouped into four major categories known as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids (Reece, Urry, M.Cain, & et al, 2014). ... Plants store starch allowing them to have an abundance of glucose for energy (Reece, J., Urry, L., M.Cain, & et al, 2014). ... These functions include energy storage, construction of plasma membrane, and precursor of sex hormones (Reece, Urry, M.Cain, & et al, 2014). ... The negative control was black and the positive control was a light brown. ... It was hypothesized that the longer the Master Mix reacted with the iodine, the color w...

• Word Count: 1318
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• Grade Level: High School

In 1889, a Harvard professor (Brown), decided to inject himself with substance containing extracts from guinea pig and dog testicles; he called this concoction a "rejuvenating elixir " (Brown, 1889). Brown published in The Lancet that his energy, vigor, and overall health were restored, but the effects did not last long; Brown attributed this to placebo effect. ... Koch, a professor at the University of Chicago, realized the potential behind Brown work. ... It was named testosterone because: the stems of testicles and sterol, and the suffix ketone (David KG et al., 1935). ... Transbuccal t...

• Word Count: 1933
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Mood disorders are often accompanied by other psychological problems such as anxiety, eating disorders, hyperactivity, substance abuse, and suicide, all of which can hide depressive symptoms (Blackman, 1995; Brown, 1996; Lasko et al., 1996; Oster & Montgomery, 1996). ... Depression is often described as an exaggeration of the duration and intensity of "normal" mood changes (Brown 1996). ... For other teens, depression arises from poor family relations which could include decreased family support and perceived rejection by parents (Lasko et al., 1996). ... In fact, Brown (1996) stated that ...

• Word Count: 1418
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• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Mood disorders are often accompanied by other psychological problems such as anxiety, eating disorders, hyperactivity, substance abuse, and suicide, all of which can hide depressive symptoms (Blackman, 1995; Brown, 1996; Lasko et al., 1996; Oster & Montgomery, 1996). ... Depression is often described as an exaggeration of the duration and intensity of "normal" mood changes (Brown 1996). ... For other teens, depression arises from poor family relations which could include decreased family support and perceived rejection by parents (Lasko et al., 1996). ... In fact, Brown (1996) stated that ...

• Word Count: 1418
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

This can result in experiencing of wheezing, struggling to breathe, tight feeling in the chest and coughing (Brown. D et al.2012). ... D et al.2012). ... D et al.2012, pp. 676). ... D et al.2012, pp. 677). ...

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Extended research that supports these hypotheses also suggests that butch lesbians may be physiologically similar to heterosexual men due to prenatal androgen exposure (Bassett et al. 2001; Brown et al. 2002; Pearce et al. 1996; Singh et al. 1999). Brown and colleagues (2002) support these suggestions with their finding of finger length differences in butch and femme lesbians in which butch lesbians show smaller deviations between the two finger lengths of the right hand. ... They found that femme lesbians showed more jealousy to physically attractive rival and also sought financial resources ...

• Word Count: 1702
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• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Categories of mental disorders are based on observable, phenotypic features rather than etiologies and neurobiological factors (Brown & Barlow, 2009; Watson, 2005). ... While the DSM of mood and anxiety disorders hold great reliability (Brown & Barlow, 2009), the current categorical grouping lacks empirical evidence based on validity. ... There was still diagnostic disagreement based on the current categorical system (Brown & Barlow, 2009). ... However, when you remove this exclusion rule, the rate of comorbidity between two disorders was 90% (Brown & Barlow, 2009). ... PTSD, MDD, DYS ...

• Word Count: 2163
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Current research is closely linking the social environment with expression of disease, risk of developments of mental disorder, and resiliency factors (Alegria et al., 2010). ... Therefore, today evidenced-based practice requires careful consideration of socio-cultural differences in the classification and treatment of people with mental disorders (Regier et al., 2013). ... Information regarding differences between cultures symptom expression, has also been expanded upon – only for some of the disorders – and this is acknowledging that there are different syndromes that are releva...

• Word Count: 2238
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The savannas we are most familiar with are the East African savannas covered with acacia trees (Brown, 1972). ... Annual fires then maintain this area (Brown, 1972). ... Precipitates from the burning of the biomass include nitric acid and sulfuric acid (the components of acid rain) (Brown, 1972). ... Larger mammals then feed off of the smaller animals (Purves, et. al., 2001). ... They are the fastest mammal (Alden, et. al., 1995). ...

• Word Count: 2357
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(Steinberg: 208) Another possible reason is offered by Flege (Theo Bongaerts et al, 1997) that "one of the main cause of foreign accents is the increasing tendency of L2 learners, once they have established the phonetic categories for their L1, to perceive L2 sound in terms of those categories. ... (Brown: 54) To put it in another way, "while you are young, at an age at which the pattern and rules of your native language are still comparatively new to you, the interference that comes form the rules of the native language is likely to be small. ... (Brown: 116) While the motivation of classroom...

• Word Count: 1663
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(Mitchell et al., 2002) Fruits and vegetables use this process to protect themselves from rotting and bacteria. ... The results of this prove for example why mashed potatoes don't turn brown when exposed to air. ... (Kaaber et al., 2002) In Experiment 4 the rate of reaction peaked at a pH of 6.6. ... (Campbell et al., 2002) As a result, the active site is changed, making it unable to form enzyme-substrate complexes. (Mitchell et al. 2002) This causes the energy activation level of a reaction to increase. ...

• Word Count: 1327
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The dam itself spans the Yangtze River at 2335 m long and 185 m high, with a total area of 58,000km2 (Brown, Magee, & Xu, 2008). The National People's Congress of China, the national legislation of the Chinese government, confirmed the project, acting as the financial backer in collaboration with a number of private sector construction firms (Brown, Magee, & Xu, 2008). The four goals of the TGP were for it to foster flood control in the Hubei region, better navigation for the Yangtze River, increase tourism, and most importantly, help meet China's demands for energy production (Fu ...

• Word Count: 2007
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• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

(Caffrey, et al, 2003:282) Pain can also be categorised in regard to a pathophysiological cause: nociceptive as somatic or visceral and neuropathic pain. ... (Brown 2005: 133). ... (Brown, 2005:133) Pain generally starts with a physical event such as a cut or burn. ... Some common presentations of children in hospital are procedure-related pain and abdominal pain which most of the time fall into the acute pain category (Schechter et al, 2003). ... Furthermore, pain can be described as a multidimensional experience which needs to be confronted with a holistic multidisciplinary approach (Sc...

• Word Count: 1516
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Ecological tipping points are very hard to predict because their approach may be accompanied by slow changes in contrast to the fast, extreme changes that occur when a tipping point is reached (Jordan et al., 2007). ... Presently during summertime, warming of Greenland and shrinkage of the Greenland ice sheets contributed an estimated 1.9–3.0 m to sea level, although a widespread ice cap remained (Otto-Bliesner et al., 2006). Broadly consistent with this, future projections suggest a GIS threshold for negative surface mass balance resides at 3°C local warming (above preindustrial) (Lent...

• Word Count: 2460
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Brown (2008) even more pointed in her article on the concept of the burden of alzheimer's stated that "one of the greatest costs of AD can be the physical and emotional toll on family members, caregivers, and friends of people with the disease. ... " Physical and Psychological Burden The research of Akpinar et al. (2011), and Kaufer et al. (2005) implies that reported effects on physical health for families of person's with Alzheimer's disease includes high blood pressure, poor self-care, lack of sleep and exercise. ... The research of Hutchison (2010), and Kaufer et ...

• Word Count: 1955
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Canada does not have as many people, power plants or automobiles as the United States, and yet acid rain there has become so severe that Canadian government officials called it the most pressing environmental issue facing the nation (Brown, 1981). ... In Canada, Ontario alone has lost fish in an estimated four thousand lakes and authorities calculate that Ontario stands to lose fish in forty eight thousand, five hundred more lakes within the next twenty years if acid rain continues at the present rate (Lovrich, et al 1992). ... (Lovrich, et al 1992) Casualties Lakes are not the only things ...

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Conformity is a change in behaviour or attitudes brought about by a desire to follow the beliefs or standards of others (Feldman et al. 2004). ... The more attractive a group is to its members, the greater its ability to produce conformity (Feldman et al 2004). ... He retells his experience to the other hunters to gain acceptance and then during the mock hunt on Robert, Ralph, too, wants "a handful of that brown, vulnerable flesh. ... Aggression involves intentionally inflicting injury or harm on another person (Feldman et al. 2004). ... Schizophrenia refers to a class of disorders i...

• Word Count: 1880
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The huge brown container that the orbiter is attached to is called the external tank (ET). The ET holds the liquid hydrogen and oxygen propellants that the orbiter's main engines need for firing. ... NASA chose to fill the ET with these two elements because they produce a great amount of thrust for their weight. After the ET has done its job, it is released from the orbiter and tumbles back to the Indian Ocean in pieces. ...

• Word Count: 1642
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Maclntyre and Gardner defined FLA as the feeling of tension and apprehension specifically associated with second language contexts, including speaking, listening, and learning; and Horwitz et al. described language anxiety as " a distinct complex of self-perceptions, beliefs, feelings, and behaviors related to classroom language learning arising from the uniqueness of the language learning process" (Cited in Javad Riasalti 907-917). ... (Brown 151). Horwitz et al. stated that foreign language anxiety is a specific syndrome that may be related to three types of anxiety, including co...

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The relationship between state and nation is important, a state is "generally recognized by other countries as possessing legal sovereignty over what happens in its territory, being responsible for the institutions of government, who both formulate and enforce the laws of the state, and are responsible for its security and protection" (Brown 1995: 10). ... Brown, S (1995) New forces, Old Forces, and the Future of World Politics. ... "Who we are and what we do is no longer given to us by tradition; instead each individual faces the challenge of combining personal autonomy with an ongoing sense ...

• Word Count: 1928
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Some of these emissions are also known to be changing the earth's climate (Gurjar et al., 2005). ... - N2 + O2 2NO Once in the atmosphere, nitric oxide reacts with additional oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide (NO2) a red-brown, toxic gas that causes irritation to the eyes and the respiratory system. ... (Gurjar et al., 2010) - S + O2 SO2 The main source of sulfur dioxide is industrial activity that processes materials that contain sulfur; a major example is the generation of electricity from coal and mining of coal. ... VOCs react...

• Word Count: 2264
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American soldiers used the heavy Browning .50 caliber M2 in almost every aspect of fighting. ... The British counterpart of the Browning M2 was the 15mm. ... The P-51, under pressure of great need, was designed and built in only 117 days, and tested within seven months of the original request (Grove, et. al., 136-7). ... It had a max speed of 437 mph at 25,000 feet, and a service ceiling of 41,900 feet (Grove, et. al. 136) Tanks were, for the most part, a new addition to the field of battle in World War II. ...

• Word Count: 1913
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For many student-athletes the time they put into a sport is comparable to having a 30-40 hour a week job (Brown, Glastetter-Fender &ump; Shelton, 2000; Schroeder, 2000; Simons, Van Rheenen &ump; Covington, 1999). ... For instance, topics related to identity development, career development and maturity, identity foreclosure, team development and socialization, and retirement of student-athletes (Brown, Glastetter-Fender & Shelton, 2000; Murphy, Petitpas, &; Brewer,1996; Parham, 1993). ... According to Brewer et al. (1993) as college students mature and experience other college activities their ...

• Word Count: 2468
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate