One of the earliest known examples of white collar crime under the definition we use today occurred in the late 19th century. ... The two companies were basically owned by the same individuals, so the company officials pocketed millions of dollars in profits from the excess or kickbacks of the ultra high bills (Berger, Free and Searles 341). There were other corporate and political crimes being committed during this time in history, but this particular crime was one of the more famous cases. ... It should be obvious that "soft money" is a growing problem and dare I say threat to our syst...

• Word Count: 2580
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

For example, in 1995, a federal court in Massachusetts found that inmates' constitutional rights were violated when they were held in a 150-year-old prison that was infested with vermin, fire hazards, and a lack of toilets. ... Inmates have the right to be free from sexual crimes, including sexual harassment. ... It is sufficient if there is an administrative hearing before independent medical professionals. ... The PRLA contains five major provisions: Prisoners must exhaust internal prison grievance procedures before they file suit in federal court. ... Estate of Shabazz (1987), and st...

• Word Count: 3147
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• Has Bibliography

The year before Thurgood was born, the Saturday Evening Post had this quote from a Mississippi Governor, James K. ... Then we shall be able in our legislation to recognize the Negro's racial peculiarities, and make laws to fit them." ... Though the neighborhoods were predominately black, the store owners were nearly all Jewish, and the only ones that could enter stores were those blacks that could "pass for white." ... Houston was also the fist Black lawyer to win a case before the Supreme Court. ... Before serving on the Supreme Court, Marshall served as a legal director of the NAACP...

• Word Count: 4823
• Approx Pages: 19
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

In court, the defendant, Phelps, attempted to prove that the signs were meant to express a public concern, rather than target the Snyder burial itself, and that his group was exercising its First Amendment right of free speech and expression. ... They picketed for approximately a half hour before the funeral and ended the picketing as the funeral began.xi In addition, the Phelps' published an "epic " on their website that clearly targeted Matthew Snyder personally, entitled "The Burden of Marine Corporal Matthew Snyder. ... He was not disturbed by the WBC during the funeral itself or be...

• Word Count: 3341
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Few people were willing to challenge or defy societal norms, weary of being branded "un-American", and therefore, a communist. ... "McCarthyism", as it was called, forced many government officials and Hollywood celebrities to go before McCarthy and the rest of the committee, in order to deny their involvement with the Communist Party. ... Although the 1950's were overwhelmingly conservative, the decade was not without change, especially in the field of race relations. ... Sexual practices were rarely discussed outside the bedroom and sexuality itself was viewed as either unimportant, i...

• Word Count: 3509
• Approx Pages: 14
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Thurgood Marshall many life accomplishments were instill upon him through his parents Norma Arica Marshall and William Canfield Marshall. ... Thurgood would work for free, just to help and defend his people. ... Thurgood's high school experiences were full of circumstances that would later prove to be significant. Thurgood's teachers were always asking him to quote The United States Constitution aloud in class. ... First, he and the Biology teacher were constantly feuding. ...

• Word Count: 3527
• Approx Pages: 14
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

The old adage tells us that a person may steal from a thief, that a person can wrong those that has wrong him or her, but do we, as a society, have the right to decide on whether a person lives or dies? Do we have the right to kill those who have killed and if we do kill the murderers, does that, technically, make us murderers ourselves and doesn't that make us hypocrites? We hold a hypocrisy that the society must not possess any longer. ... Those who were often sentenced to death were considered to be "outsiders," or foreigners, minorities and people who were not from the immediate ...

• Word Count: 6785
• Approx Pages: 27
• Grade Level: High School

When we talk about incorporation of the amendments of the Constitution, we are mainly talking about the Bill of Rights. ... While today most states are held to the Bill of Rights, there was some debate regarding on how we should get here. Some were in favor of total incorporation, while others preferred selective incorporation. ... (Kommers et al., 117) Black and Frankfurter's views were most noticeably on display in a pair of Supreme Court cases in the mid 1900s. ...

• Word Count: 2594
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) The rights of handicapped persons to enjoy equal employment opportunities were established on the federal level with the enactment of the "Rehabilitation Act of 1973" (29 U.S.C. 701-794). ... At the time of the ADA's passage in 1990, "two-thirds of people with disabilities between the ages of 16 and 64" were unemployed. ... United Airlines, the Court rejected the arguments on behalf of Suttons that "they were regarded as disabled because they were precluded from engaging in the major life activity of working in the job of global airline pi...

• Word Count: 2900
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Finally, the period from 1937 to 1960, in which individual civil rights were at the center of the Court will be looked at. ... It was in this suit that two citizens of South Carolina brought an action against the state of Georgia for the recovery of a debt and members from Georgia refused to appear for defense, leading the Court to declare that states were indeed suable, rendering a judgment for the citizens of South Carolina. ... Georgia were upheld, the members of the Court still realized that the Constitution itself did not explicitly give to them the power that they desired. ... This ...

• Word Count: 4341
• Approx Pages: 17
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Casey, 505 U.S. 833 (1992) was a case decided by the Supreme Court of the United States, in which the constitutions of several Pennsylvania state regulations regarding abortion were challenged. ... The act's five provisions are the following: "[T]he informed consent rule mandate physicians to inform women about the dangers to their health during the abortion, the spousal notice rule required women to inform their husbands prior to the procedure, the parental notification and consent rule obliges minors to get prior consent from a parent or guardian to have an abortion, the fourth provisio...

• Word Count: 3333
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

A time when citizens were denied rights because the color of their skin. ... Although the black population was now freed of slavery, they were still denied fundamental rights. ... Blacks were granted the right to ride trains, they were not however, allowed to ride in the same car as the whites, they were supposed to be separated. ... The impacts of this case decision were enormous. ... They were held at a lower level in society, seen as inferior to whites. ...

• Word Count: 2683
• Approx Pages: 11
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His primary interest is administrative law, having an "active interest in economic regulation affecting industry, in antitrust law, and in securities law."2 Before being nominated to the Supreme Court, Breyer served as a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit in Boston II. ... One commentator considers him anti-consumer and probig business, based on his record as a Circuit Court of Appeals justice where he ruled in favor of corporate defendants in all 19 antitrust cases which came before him.3 It would be more accurate to say that Justice Breyer's judicial phil...

• Word Count: 4693
• Approx Pages: 19

The Federal Government The Federal Government The three branches of the federal government provide a base for the way we live our lives. ... Congress must confirm them before being appointed to their seats. ... A very small percentage of these cases, where parties believe mistakes in the law were made, move onto the U.S. ...

• Word Count: 4055
• Approx Pages: 16
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School