Many of the people that were leaving were skilled trades men, or members of professions. ... There were 302 watchtowers, and 20 bunkers. ... In all around 5000 people made it to the west, around 3200 were arrested trying, around 160 were shot in killed trying, and around 120 were shot and injured by trying to make that escape to freedom. ... Finally, in November of 1989, emigration barriers finally dropped in November 1989, which allowed free passage between East and West Berlin. Soon after the free passage was allowed the Berlin Wall was taken down. ...

• Word Count: 2635
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

"2 His words were a far cry from a "Lincolnian" rhetoric depicting America as "the last best hope of man on earth.... The Constitution's Involvement in Exceptionalism However before I can analyse the role played by exceptionalism in the early part of the Cold War, I must first look at the root of the idea and how much prevalence it had in the minds of the American people. For this we may start all the way back at the founding of the nation. ... Contained within this unique document defined the conditions for free people with free rights, not from the government but fr...

• Word Count: 4596
• Approx Pages: 18

The experiences in our past lives shape the way we live today. ... Economies were reduced to rubble, as was most of Europe. ... There were strings attached, which was no surprise. ... "I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed majorities or by outside pressures. The free peoples of the world look to us for support in maintaining those freedoms. ...

• Word Count: 4898
• Approx Pages: 20
• Has Bibliography

Few people were willing to challenge or defy societal norms, weary of being branded "un-American", and therefore, a communist. ... "McCarthyism", as it was called, forced many government officials and Hollywood celebrities to go before McCarthy and the rest of the committee, in order to deny their involvement with the Communist Party. ... Although the 1950's were overwhelmingly conservative, the decade was not without change, especially in the field of race relations. ... Sexual practices were rarely discussed outside the bedroom and sexuality itself was viewed as either unimportant, i...

• Word Count: 3509
• Approx Pages: 14
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The question is what should we do with Germany? On May 7, 1945 the Germans finally surrendered, though their fate was sealed well before this date. ... We have seen the problems that were caused at the end of World War I, when we asked for a lump some. ... Then we look to the Western half of Germany, which was molded to follow the free and democratic ways of the United States, French, and Great Britain. ... This was the idea of a democracy although a democracy was tried before, but it failed. ...

• Word Count: 4105
• Approx Pages: 16
• Grade Level: High School

When answering this question we must be careful not to confuse stability with the quest for peace and security which is a goal of arms control, the fact that an area or country is free from the threat of arms isn't evidence to the stability of that country or the international system as a whole. ... If the government feels unthreatened from external forces then it can turn its attention to pressing domestic problems, which may cause increased stability within the state as well as contributing to a hostile free international community. ... If a radical group with a hatred of the Indian ...

• Word Count: 2631
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Considering that he shaped the direction of post-World War II Europe, we may regard him as the most powerful person to live during the 20th century. ... Both his parents were peasants. ... He quit the seminary before graduation, in order to be a full-time revolutionary. ... Before this treatise appeared (1914), however, Stalin was sent to Siberia . ... Before the winter of 1918, Stalin had been recalled to Moscow by Lenin. ...

• Word Count: 7507
• Approx Pages: 30
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

We determine the world in which we live in, we define it, we construct it; this is the root of constructivism. ... Before the late 1940's, when the United States helped to push out the Russian occupation of northern Iran, Iran had very little interaction with United States. ... This resulted in the sense that the groups involved in these movements were "natural" allies of the Iranian's (Pollack, 2004). ... However, before the 1979 revolution, Untied States encouraged Iran to pursue nuclear power. In the 1970 's there were many fears that this Iran's oil reserves w...

• Word Count: 2601
• Approx Pages: 10

They're acts were later linked to a White House sponsored plan of espionage against Nixon's political opponents. ... Nixon refused to release the tapes; he said they were vital to national security. ... In theory, Star Wars would allow the United States to intercept enemy missiles before they could reach the their targets. ... In 1986 newspapers reported that the United States had covertly sold weapons to Iran in order to win the nations support in freeing the United States hostages who were being help by terrorists that were friendly to the Iranian government. ... Even before these ...

• Word Count: 3150
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: High School

Ho Chi Minh to the French, late 1940's Western Civilization, as we know it today, has been shaped by the many revolutions that nations throughout the land have participated in. ... The Vietnam Revolution, also helped form the world we live in today, and the style and magnitude of world interaction within the war, is felt still today. ... The Vietnam Revolution was an epilogue of events that started way before the conflict that occurred during the 1960's and 1970's. ... "Now we have a problem in making our power credible, and Vietnam is the place" (Nalty 76). ... In 1963...

• Word Count: 2963
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: High School

 The Life and Death of Détente: Nixon, Carter, and Reagan, 1968-1988 "If we can learn to live together on these issues and work together and negotiate on these we may change the world. ... Nixon "I don't see why we need some fancy French word in dealing with the Russians; we already have a word for it- Cold War.... Others, however, felt that talks and negotiations were analogous to appeasement and made the United States look weak. ... The protection of the American ideal of free persons, pluralism and the defense of liberal democracy had been sac...

• Word Count: 3059
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

It was the end of any trace of "normal" family life for Stalin, and witnesses saw tears in his eyes at her funeral--the only report that we have of the great dictator crying. ... But while his rivals from the '20s had suffered defeat, they were still alive and in the Party. ... Large-scale purges struck the country, targeting all levels of society--including children: Stalin reasoned that parents were more likely to confess to trumped-up charges of subversion and disloyalty if they knew their children's lives were at risk. ... All of the confessors were sentenced to death. The fo...

• Word Count: 5151
• Approx Pages: 21
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Never before, however, has the human race been so close to inaugurating this Utopian ideal of establishing and empowering government on a planetary scale. ... We had better not wait for World War Three before seeking to make the U.N. more effective."" ... If it were possible, as a planet, to spend money where it is most urgently needed, the world may eradicate various diseases. As an example: "If we could divert just eight hours of military spending, worth $680 million, we might eradicate malaria. ... We have got our priorities drastically wrong. ...

• Word Count: 5612
• Approx Pages: 22
• Grade Level: High School

The Soviet railway system was totally crippled as 65,000 kilometers of railway track and 4,100 railway stations were destroyed. ... Communication was made all but impossible, as 36,000 postal, telegraph and telephone offices were demolished. ... The Germans were no kinder to Soviet cultural institutions. ... Stalin agreed to the publication of the Declaration on Liberated Europe, which stipulated, among other things, that Poland was to have free, democratic elections. Additionally, changes were be made to the Polish provisional government in order to allow for a more democratic environment. ...

• Word Count: 5160
• Approx Pages: 21
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

If one were to discuss life after the Second World War, if they were not a historian would perhaps not talk much about Harry S. ... Even before the Truman Doctrine was introduced to the joint congress, some of Truman's memoirs indicate that he saw Russia as a force to contain and be watched at all times . ... The U.S. had been monitoring the situation in the two countries before Great Britain sent word of their inability to aide Greece and Turkey. ... "If we falter in our leadership, we may endanger the peace of the world "and we shall surely endanger the welfare of our own Nation....

• Word Count: 4238
• Approx Pages: 17
• Grade Level: High School

"To ensure the peaceful development of nations, free from coercion the United States has taken a leading part in establishing the United Nations"... By the end of the first phase of the Korean War, 111,000 South Koreans died and 57,000 were missing. ... There was however, one final attack in which 7,400 Koreans were killed and U.S. forces were threatened. ... The mujahidin were supported by aid from the United States, China, and Saudi Arabia, channelled through Pakistan, and from Iran. ... In addition, 15,000 Soviet soldiers were killed and 37,000 wounded. ...

• Word Count: 3901
• Approx Pages: 16
• Grade Level: High School

American foreign policy decision makers were at the time operating under the understanding that the Soviet Union was gaining power. ... They felt Brezhnev had to be stopped before his gradual spreading of socialism went any further. ... Allen Lynch writes: The strong ideological tone adopted by the Reagan administration in 1981, together with its downgrading of arms control, eventually shattered a strong consensus in Moscow that there were strict limits to hostility intrinsic to the Soviet-American relationship.(3) Reaction in Moscow was reluctant and reserved, however in October 1982, one...

• Word Count: 3267
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The Nepmen were prime targets, but Kulaks, the richer farmers, and bourgeois experts were seen as contrary to the claim of revolution. ... Before and throughout the five-year plans Stalin's propaganda machine created an image of Stalin following the Leninist' path, ridiculing the rightists who were bringing back capitalism' whilst further damaging the leftist world-wide revolution' for being irresponsible and unpatriotic. ... As Lenin had made clear, the N.E.P was a step backwards so that we can make two steps forward' and in 1928 these two step forwards were becom...

• Word Count: 5589
• Approx Pages: 22
• Grade Level: Undergraduate