The components of the solution which are miscible in water dissolve into an aqueous layer, while the immiscible components remain within the organic phase of the solution. ... Then the mixture was poured into a 125mL separatory funnel and the bottom aqueous layer was drained. ... The n-butyl bromide was transferred back into the separatory funnel and 14mL of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate was added to the solution. After mixing, the lower aqueous layer was drained into a dry erlenmeyer flask and 1.0g of 99.4% pure, ACS certified sodium sulfate anhydrous from Fisher Scientific (lot No. 10...

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This gave us aqueous solutions of both the organic and inorganic compounds. ... By adding 3M HCl to our solution, the hydrogen ions would protonate the nitrogen group of m-nitroaniline, forming a salt compound which would dissolve into the aqueous layer. ... In order to reverse this change, we added NaOH into the aqueous solution until the solution became basic (tested by using litmus paper). ... Next, we had to transfer m-nitroaniline from an aqueous solution to an organic one for better isolation. ... The aqueous solution was mixed with ethyl acetate so that the m-nitroaniline was extracte...

• Word Count: 3975
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• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

This means it can easily ionise substances, many compounds, whether ionic, polar or covalent will dissolve in it, therefore more reactions take place while in solution with water. Often in organisms substances must be in solution and water is the solvent. Plants can only obtain mineral salts in solution and human digestion will only dissolve soluble foods, meaning large starch molecules must be broken down into soluble sugars. ... The aqueous and vitreous humours of the eye help maintain its shape too. ... Life originally evolved in an aqueous habitat and still provides an ideal habitat for a ...

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After the (CH3)2SiCl2 was hydrolyzed the solution was separated into its ethereal and aqueous layers in a separatory funnel. The aqueous solution can be discarded and then a dilute sodium bicarbonate solution should be prepared. ... Once the solution was neutral a final wash should be performed with water. Magnesium sulfate was then added to the remaining ethereal layer to dry the solution, and the dried solution was then filtered through gravity filtration into a clean beaker. ... The initial polymer solution was washed with dilute sodium bicarbonate in order to rid the solution of acidic imp...

• Word Count: 1194
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• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Add a different solution to each tube: NaF, NaCl, NaBr, NaI. 3. Add Ca(NO3)2 to each solution. 4. ... Add hexanes to those solutions and observe. 9. ... No Reactions There are two layers in all solutions. 6. ... There were two layers in the aqueous solutions because hexanes and water are immiscible. ...

• Word Count: 488
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• Grade Level: High School

Using solutions of varying concentrations of caffeine and constant concentrations of theophylline, a calibration curve is constructed. ... It was also noticed that when treating the solution with dichloromethane bubbling of the aqueous layer occurred. This could have caused the aqueous layer to remain in the organic layer. ... Inaccuracies in the making up of this solution may be attributed to this slight irregular trendline appearing on the graph. ... Also the wavelength of the HPLC could have been altered to improve readings of the solution. ...

• Word Count: 1126
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• Grade Level: High School

In this process an aqueous solution is the combination of hydronium ions with hydroxide ions to form water. ... A specific volume of a solution reacts with a standard solution of another substance where the concentration is known. ... An indicator solution (phenolphthalein in this experiment) is used to show when the amount of acid equals the amount of base in the solution. ... Since the solutions were used by the entire class, some solutions may have been mislabeled causing errors in the titration process. ... An important precaution in this experiment was to make sure that the solutions ...

• Word Count: 911
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• Grade Level: High School

Because of its polarity water is a good solvent, attracting both the positive and negative charges of other solutions. This is very important because all chemical reactions in cells take place in aqueous solution. ...

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The four basic screening bioassays as stated by the authors of the review article are aqueous extract screening, seedling screening, field screening, and chemical screening. Aqueous extract screening involves attempting to germinate seeds or grow plants of a receiver species in soil/solution that contains an extraction from the source species. Seedling screening is the same as aqueous extract screening except ground up donor plant parts or decomposing leaves are mixed into the growth medium. ...

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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Iron [26Fe], a metal in the first transition series, is one of the most ubiquitous and abundant elements existing in the inner and outer core of the Earth. Iron has sixteen oxides and hydroxides; two stable oxidation states in an aqueous solution of ferrous, Fe(II), and the ferric, Fe(III)[1]. Iro...

• Word Count: 574
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Reactions between aqueous solutions are generally fast. ... Obtain about 120 mL of hydrochloric acid solution in a 250 mL beaker. ... Let some of the solution run rapidly from the buret to expell all air bubbles from the tip and bring the level of the solution down to the calibrated region of the buret. ... Initially a pink colour appears, and then disappears quickly, at the point where the sodium hydroxide solution comes in contact with the solution in the flask. ... From this point on, the sodium hydroxide solution should be added drop by drop untill one drop turns the entire solution in t...

• Word Count: 1017
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• Grade Level: High School

However, if a base such as sodium hydroxide is added to an aqueous solution of HA at equilibrium, the following neutralization reaction will occur: HA + OH-  HOH + A- Addition of more OH- ions exponentially increased the pH level since none of it is being used up by any reaction with H+. ... A pH meter was used to measure pH levels of the solution. ... The data obtained in this lab was the pH of the solution and the volume of NaOH. ... The solution finally peaks at 40.0 mL of NaOH at a pH of about 12.0. ... At this exact point is when the pH of the solutions equals the pKa. ...

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• Grade Level: High School

The solutions formed from soluble ionic compounds are good conductors of electricity. ... They are non-conductors of electricity in both the solid and liquid states and the aqueous solutions of some compounds are weak conductors of electricity however few compounds in aqueous solution are good conductors of electricity. ...

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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Weathering in general refers to a group of processes by which surface rocks disintegrates in-situ into smaller particles or dissolve into water due to the impact of the atmosphere and hydrosphere. According to Waugh weathering is the first stage in denudation or wearing down of the landscape; it...

• Word Count: 953
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

1.Outline the characteristics of a system in a state of equilibrium. Many chemical reactions are reversible and never go to completion. Equilibrium can be approached from both directions. For a system in equilibrium the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction and the con...

• Word Count: 976
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• Grade Level: High School

In offices, homes, and other indoor areas, poor air quality can both cause health problems and make existing health problems worse. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency currently ranks indoor air pollution as one of the top five threats to public health. Indoor air pollution results from the rel...

• Word Count: 853
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Imagine a modern day surgeon walking into an operation room or worse, tent, in the early 1860's, during the Civil War. This time was considered to be the middle ages of medicine. A Civil War general graphically depicted the typical surgery routine like this; "There stood the surgeons, their sleeves ...

• Word Count: 825
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

In doing this test, we placed one ml of the solution of bromine in carbon tetrachloride into each of two clean and dry test tubes. ... We allow the layers to separate and dip one end of the stirring rod into the aqueous layer and touch it to a piece of blue litmus paper place in a watch glass and we record all the observations we have observed (do the same steps for the other hydrocarbons to be tested). ... We place 1 ml of dilute potassium permanganate solution in a clean test tube and add 3 drops of hydrocarbon to be tested and mix the content thoroughly. ... The fourth test is the test for ...

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• Grade Level: High School

Because of a cell's aqueous environment, it allows water to pass by osmosis or aquaporins. ... The longer the cell spends in a solution, the more the solution diffuses through the membrane. ... Fill each semi-permeable tube with 10 mL of the solution. 4. ... I concluded that diffusion varies with time and solutions and the glucose and sucrose are hypertonic to other solutions due to its concentration of water. ... Solutions in the bag that consisted of more water lost weight, while solutions in the beaker which contained more water gained weight. ...

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The calcium sulphate is removed by filtration and the citric acid solution is further purified. Crystallization of citric acid from a hot aqueous solution yields anhydrous citric acid; crystallization from a cold solution yields the monohydrate. ... The neutralized solution must then be evaporated to dryness in a strictly controlled manner to avoid undue losses. ... In the cyanide processes, the most widely used method for extracting gold and silver from the ores, the finely divided ore is contacted with a dilute solution of sodium or potassium cyanide. ... The insoluble polymer protects the...

• Word Count: 1581
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• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

None the less if this photochemical decomposition happens in the presence of excess Silver ions in an aqueous solution the following additional reaction occurs: 3Cl2(g) + 3H20(l) + 5Ag+(aq) ï‚® 5AgCl(s) + CIO3-(aq) + 6H+(aq) If the above reaction happens then the analytical results will be too high as the Silver Chloride produced increases the mass of the precipitate causing the analytical results to be higher than the actual value. ... A further 5 mL of Silver Nitrate was added to the calculation outcome producing a total of 25.4 mL of Silver Nitrate solution to be added. ... The ...

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• Grade Level: High School

From around 400 million years ago aqueous plants were able to migrate onto the now-protected land and evolve into terrestrial plants, followed by animal life that ate the plants. ... At first sight, the solution to this particular global environmental change appears to be unusually simple: a substitution of particular industrial and agricultural gases for others. ...

• Word Count: 1264
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Important Facts the smallest unit of life is the cell instructions for development are contained in DNA collectively, all of the chemical processes in a cell are called metabolism producers often obtain energy from the sun homeostasis refers to the ability to maintain a constant internal environment cells in domains archaea and eubacteria lack nucleii plants are multicellular producers an educated guess might be called a hypothesis science is based on evidence philosophy is not a step in the scientific method an atom is the smallest unit of substance that retains the properties of the subst...

• Word Count: 10700
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• Grade Level: High School

Observations of Human Blood Aim To correctly set up a light microscope to observe human blood. Introduction Microscopy is used in many areas of biological science and is an extremely useful tool in aiding research, and is particularly valuable in the study of the components of organis...

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On May 4, 1984 a physician from Spokane, Washington said he had warned the distributor of an intravenous Vitamin E solution last January that the drug was thought to have contributed to the deaths of four babies in his city. ... The drug agency issued a statement saying that, based on reports from hospital administrations, a total of thirty-eight such infant deaths had been reported among premature babies treated with the drug, E-Ferol Aqueous Solution, including ten in San Antonio, Texas. ...

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• Has Bibliography