The child's arms are tied behind her back, or immobilized by two other women guests Then the old woman takes her razor and excises the clitoris. ... These thorns are then held in place either by means of sewing thread, or with horsehair. ... There are different types of FGM/FC. ... Whether or not the custom originated there is debatable. ... Even though these laws and organizations may seem insufficient to many, it is better that there are some, rather than none at all. ...

• Word Count: 2538
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

The child's arms are tied behind her back, or immobilized by two other women guests Then the old woman takes her razor and excises the clitoris. ... These thorns are then held in place either by means of sewing thread, or with horsehair. ... There are different types of FGM/FC. ... Whether or not the custom originated there is debatable. ... Even though these laws and organizations may seem insufficient to many, it is better that there are some, rather than none at all. ...

• Word Count: 2538
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

Although there had been a British and greater European presence in Africa prior to the last two decades of the 19th century it was primarily coastal and revolved around the slave trade. With the abolition of the slave trade within the British Empire in 1803 and a complete abolition of slavery across the empire in 1834 there was little interest in Africa by Britain until the end of the century. ... Britain's previous African expansion had been very different then it would be in Africa during the scramble. ... The debts were still not able to appropriately managed and rebellion broke out be...

• Word Count: 3207
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

" Consequently, if a revolution were to occur, it would be initiated from above and not from below. ... We can understand from this why there were no revolutions in Africa against the regime, but only against those who administered it poorly, i.e., unworthy princes. In addition, there were, of course, also palace revolutions. ... They were now slaves in name only. ... For reasons of this kind, the possessions of the artisan were spar...

• Word Count: 5359
• Approx Pages: 21
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

As well there were several revolts against conscription in French Black Africa. ... However unlike French Black Africa there were people here who supported the war in Europe and actually signed up, this helps explain the large number of men who served for France. It also helps explain why there was only one small revolt, in the remote region of the Aures Mountains in1916 . ... Its defenses were limited to 568 men, most of which were local black men. These men were essentially the police of the colony and as such were spread thinly out around it . ...

• Word Count: 2502
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

There is no query as to whether such a system exists today as that much is clear. ... The slave traders then brought back mostly agricultural products, produced by the slaves in plantations mainly sugar and tobacco until these stocks depleted and cotton became the main commodity involved in Industrial Revolution. ... The Transatlantic slave trade also funded the growth of many port towns such as Bordeaux, La Rochelle, and Marseilles but none succeeded more than Nantes, on the west coast of France which saw over 1,400 slaving voyages during the 18th century alone11. ... France experienced many...

• Word Count: 2679
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Convicts and prisoners the only Europeans who were ever forced to migrate were much fewer in numbers again. ... The Enslavement of Africans But why were the slaves always African? ... Without this dissonance, there would have been no African slavery in the Americas. ... There are two systems of wind and ocean currents in the North and South Atlantic that follow the pattern of giant wheels - one lies north of the equator turns clockwise, while its counterpart to the south turns counterclockwise. ... There were few vessels that carried only slaves on this early route, so that most would hav...

• Word Count: 4994
• Approx Pages: 20
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

I was then shaved. ... All those who took part... were half drunk with alcohol (Wright, 2001)." ... There is no reference to female circumcision in the Qur"an. ... According to Mayer (1995), some scholars reason that Allah created the clitoris for the sole purpose of generating pleasure since there is no instruction in the Qur"an or in the writings of the Prophet Mohammed that require that the clitoris be surgically modified. ... More specifically, a "December 1997 high court ruling in Egypt held that there is no substantive evidence that female circumcision is mandated in the Islamic ...

• Word Count: 2909
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

In order to do the Lord's work, in the 19th century, European countries divided African lands amongst themselves, exploited their then still undeveloped resources, and enslaved the African people, thus furthering their own commercial interests and expanding their kingdoms. ... Some men professed to be in Africa for the benevolent cause of civilizing and helping the savages, but their real intentions were less than charitable. ... The Europeans saw their culture as heathen because they were unable to understand it. ... A good example of this is the Ogoni tribe in Nigeria whose lands we...

• Word Count: 4292
• Approx Pages: 17
• Grade Level: High School