Thus, Parsonian theory of structural functionalism is the dominant theoretical perspectives in 1960s in sociology; which motivates the basic powers that shape human performance and the responsiveness given to system prerequisites. ... " Thus, Parsonian theory is possibly best understood as an infinite classification system, enabling individuals to categorize level of social life at any level of analysis. Moreover, Parsons expanded the classical theory on the idea of social system action. ... Ritzer, (1996, p. 15) also points out that, "the structuring of Parsonian theory of social a...

• Word Count: 1745
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

The following literature review focuses on Erik Erikson's ideas as it critically analyses his psychosocial theory of human development by examining the eight stages of man, the key concepts within his theory, discussing the strengths, weaknesses and criticisms associated with his theory then concluding with the effectiveness of Erikson's theory in relation to understanding human development and behaviour. ... In terms of Harms' (2010) multidimensional approach similarities can be seen between the radius of significant relationships and with Bronfenbrenner's systems of inf...

• Word Count: 1352
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

This paper will aim to prove the dependency theory presents a better analysis of African politics through comparison with modernization and statist theories with regard to: the identified cause of Africa's current state of impoverishment, the challenges each theory presents to Africa's attempts at development, and critiques of each theory. ... The statist theory places too much emphasis on personal rule and systems of domination, which hampers a close analysis of the role of the state. The critique of the dependency theory is that it is too uniform, however it still applies best i...

• Word Count: 1015
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Graduate

The issues of political parties using the Agenda Setting Theory, for political advertising campaigns is questionable of its effectiveness on voter opinions and behavior. ... Voters get their information from certain sources, which then lead to the different types of political advertising that tend to be most effective when using the Agenda Setting Theory, which seems to not really work ideally to its purpose nor ethical in some cases. The media - political parties in this case - utilizes the Agenda Setting Theory to focus public attention on a specific topic or one side of a story, therefore ...

• Word Count: 804
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Graduate

Chronicled by the ruin of Enron, the disappearance of Arthur Anderson, and most recently Martha Stewart and her dealings with ImClone Systems- discussed in a Wall Street Journal article published in the October 22, 2002 edition, entitled "Martha Stewart Is Given Notice Of Possible Charges by the SEC", investigations are running ramped in the corporate American world. ... The most recent and highly publicized SEC investigation focuses on Martha Stewart, Sam Waksal, ImClone Systems former CEO, and his daughter, along with a small number of relevant stockbrokers involved in their transactions....

• Word Count: 2211
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

In conjuring this image, I am reminded of John Rawls' constructivist approach towards a theory of freedom and of Jürgen Habermas' discourse theory, both of which recognizes the paramount importance of language and discourse in the vitality of a philosophical theory as well as in the methodological manner by which theorizing and philosophizing are carried out. ... Afterwards, he then attempts to characterize an alternative theory of epistemic justification, which is his coherence theory, and in doing so he makes use of language to present and develop arguments and elaborations in a ...

• Word Count: 3250
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

Scientific management is the theory of organizational management that examines and systemizes workflows to increase labor productivity and economic efficiency defined by Frederick Taylor in 1917. ... Managers thus need to understand that there is a room for scientific management as well as a room for administrative theory, but both should be tempered by the efforts of the human relations movement as well as systems and contingency theory. Of all the theories that have been developed over the many years, the human relations movement and systems theory would be of more significance to modern c...

• Word Count: 1437
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

One of Polanyi's key theories is a "double movement" that arises out of a trend to push towards free market deregulation of the economy. ... In order for a freer market economy to take place, a system of regulations needed to be placed in order to be able to govern the market based on competitive forces rather than social norms. ... Polanyi postulates the "double movement" that will exist in the real economic world as a counter-balance in response to this this free – market liberalism system. ... When Polanyi's theory is extended to the real world it especially provides insight...

• Word Count: 1246
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

My initial thought after reading Dahl was that his theory of polyarchy gives a very clear definition of how a near perfect democracy should be and his strategies of Polyarchy " definitely helps to understand the political system of different countries, however, his concept of polyarchy according to me is not the best approach to compare political regimes. ... If applying Dahl's theory here, there are no classical liberal freedoms present in China's political system. ... So, Dahl's theory of polyarchy can be applied to China too. Another institution that I am exploring here is ...

• Word Count: 2103
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Graduate

Marxists see crime as a natural side affect of the capitalist system, they see it as inevitable, and unavoidable. ... Therefore if you put a liberal-capitalist society into practise according to Marxists you will inevitably inherit a system where self-promotion and self-gain outweighs the need for collective well-being. ... Also things become more unfair when you take on board the wider Marxist argument put forward by such Marxist sociologists as Paul Willis and Pierre Bourdieu whom claim that the existing working classes are kept in place by an unfair education system (which counters the func...

• Word Count: 1725
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Graduate

This led me to the foundational research of Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences (MI) theory as applied to teaching practice and student learning. ... He discusses Howard Gardner's MI theory and how it provided a powerful psychological foundation that supported the pedagogical approach that he had developed. ... Smagorinsky gives an account of his own collaborative research in the school system and the accounts of individual students and their experiences of being in a classroom that integrates a MI theory approach into learning Language Arts. ... She states that in the education...

• Word Count: 1304
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

Argentina embraced US-style capitalism and adopted US-backed economic reform in the 1990s in the form of a fixed-currency system and unbridled free-market policies. ... The IMF and US have set a number of conditions in order to enable Argentina to qualify for such international loans such as overhauling its tax system, fixing the problem of provincial overspending, letting the peso float freely in the international market, adopting anti-inflationary monetary policy, a plan for lifting a freeze on foreign financial transactions, a concrete measure that its banking systems must continue to work ...

• Word Count: 506
• Approx Pages: 2
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

The human relations theory was introduced by Elton Mayo and his associates; this theory was developed as a response to Taylorism. ... With Taylor's theory being strongly and solely based on money, problems began to arise even though the production level was quite high. ... Whereas Herzberg, introduced his theory in order to tackle the issues which arose within Taylor's theory on motivation. ... On the contrary, Maslow's theory is different from Herzberg and Taylor's motivational theory as they wrote in blocks, whereas Maslow created a pyramid which was called the Hierarchy ...

• Word Count: 2238
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

To see critical theory as a distinctive theory in the realm of sociology, first we have to understand the core objectives of the theory. ... To elaborate, critical theory critics rejects a linear way of understanding the social (scientific in this sense), hence marks the direct opposition to positivism that studies society as a process of extrapolation rather than looking at it as a more complex system than conventional theories can fully understand (Habermas, 2013:277). ... Another theory that is also understood to highly influence the creation of critical theory is the Weberian theory wh...

• Word Count: 1843
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

In attempting to understand practical intelligence, we were influenced by a theory of personality called cognitive-experiential self-theory (CEST; Epstein 1973, 1980a, in press). For present purposes, it is sufficient to note that, according to this theory, there are three semi-independent systems: a rational system, an experiential system, and an associationistic system. ... The experiential system has its own rules of inference and evidence and operates primarily at the preconscious level. ... If the experiential system operates preconsciously, one might ask, how can it be accessed by self-r...

• Word Count: 2348
• Approx Pages: 9
• Grade Level: Graduate

first offer a critique as well as an overview of the vast history of relevant research, and then they integrate the various findings and the eclectic theories they have produced under a unifying theory of motivated social cognition. ... The theory claims that there is a "matching process that takes place whereby people adopt ideological belief systems that are most likely to satisfy their psychological needs and motives" (341). ... Thus, needs and motives influence the way information is processed because information itself plays a significant "role in the construction and pres...

• Word Count: 1764
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Graduate

This area of responsibility demonstrates a consequentialist based theory of ethics in which the area of responsibility to customers is neglected and initiates certain progression to business failure. Consequentialist theories are defined by Shaw as, "the moral rightness of an action is determined solely by its results. ... This demonstrates a duty-based ethical system. ... This duty-based ethical system benefits from the other moral perspectives provided within other ethics systems to succeed. ... Such ethical practices demonstrates a virtuous ethical system perspective also referred to a...

• Word Count: 1454
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

"Cost-benefit analysis, the sort of efficiency calculation that is common to business decision-making is based on the notions of utility" Utilitarianism, as coined by philosopher John Stuart Mill is known as the theory of ethical rationing of one's actions based on the principle of bringing as much happiness as possible to the most amount of people. ... This system makes one evaluate explicitly and implicitly decisions made and direct and indirect result! ... Scores of people and Ford as we will see consider such a system of advantages and disadvantages as a convenient method to analyz...

• Word Count: 619
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Graduate

Methods The theory of self-regulation is very applicable to this intervention, self-regulation is necessary in order to achieve goals set and to avoid negative behaviors. ... The self-regulation theory uses a feedback mechanism to produce its effects. ... This theory as a methodical framework is efficient because of the fluidity and ability to be customized on an individualistic level. ... The educational aims would first focus on the general implications for all individuals, such as the neuroendocrine, immune and metabolic system, then break the learning down into a more sports specific appro...

• Word Count: 1265
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

The Gorbachev era – a period of time, which has been the reason for many controversial theories, raised debatable questions and still, more than 25 years after this time has passed, the consequences of Gorbachev's ruling are still pending under consideration. ... Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev is a product of a system that does not encourage radical innovations or reforms, nor open-to-democracy-minded people. ... " 4 As noted, the present economic, social and political system of the USSR is a product of development over a sixty-year span. ... The Soviet system should be refo...

• Word Count: 1300
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

This essay would therefore seek to compare and contrast; Broadbent (1958), Treisman (1964) and Deutsch & Deutsch (1963) which stands as some of the most influential theories of selective attention. ... Following the Second World War, Broadbent attempted to understand the problems encountered by Radar operators when trying to communicate with different pilots over a single system. ... In his explanation of these findings, Broadbent (1954, as cited in Naish, 2010) proposed that a bottleneck exist within the attentional system, consequently this is produced when large amounts of information enter...

• Word Count: 2062
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

In this essay I will look at sociological theories presented by Marx and functionalism, considering the degree to which it can be used to explain the actions of individuals and groups within a society. ... His Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (1962) presents the theory that the structure of a human society (politically and ideologically) is determined by its economic power, and that human consciousness is driven by material possessions. ... Note : the key Marxist theory is based on industrial capitalism, and thus could be seen as somewhat outdated today. ... As a final mat...

• Word Count: 840
• Approx Pages: 3
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

Authors and theorists continued to create theories and new principles attempting to offer the cure for every organisation. ... The theory emerged from cybernetics systems that existed in cells of a living body. ... It is formed of several systems embedded in autonomous units named as leaver, heart, pancreas, kidney, muscles, bones, eyes etc. ... At the same time they have an open communication systems that are linked with central processing units. ... Also the organisation itself acquires from the system the needed requisite variety to respond to the variety of its environment. ...

• Word Count: 1189
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Graduate

Extant research suggests autism is associated with a disrupted mirror neuron system vital in development of theory of mind and empathy. ... A dysfunctional mirror neuron system may account for the deficits in social interaction and communication typical in autism. ... During this past Summer, I had the rewarding experience of co-teaching a Social Literacy course geared toward enhancing the students' social awareness and bolstering their social skills; the class incorporated theory of mind and social thinking. ... Based on the theory of a compromised mirror neuron system, the students u...

• Word Count: 1118
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

While examples of anarchism in action have existed, these failures raise questions on the validity of the organization of the system and what characteristics are needed for the success of an existing anarchist society. ... It is crucial for anarchism in practice to be compatible with anarchist theory and embody the proper balance between the values of solidarity and liberty. Structures must be anarchical in organization in order to fulfill the ideals presented by anarchism as a theory. ... In order to suppress the emergence of hierarchy, anarchism must include a system of checks and balances. ...

• Word Count: 1276
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Graduate