The rise of corporations produced two types of investment organization: trust and cartels. ... Trusts sought control of industries through vertical organization such as controlling the drilling, processing, refining, marketing, and distribution of oil in the U.S. In contrast cartels tried to eliminate competition by means of horizontal organization such as absorbing competitors, fixing prices, regulating production or dividing up markets. ... An example of a new pattern of globalization that was established by the Industrial Revolution is the development of new social classes. ... John Komlos...

• Word Count: 1625
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

Escobar concluded his article recognizing that for post-development to be a socially effective tool depends on how we assess the current state of modernity. He posits that we are moving beyond the paradigm of modernity, both epistemologically and socially. ... Gibson-Graham point out the misguided perspective of organizations such as the World Bank which views development as uneven, unidirectional and capitalist. ... They particularly point out the success stories of the cooperative culture in Spain and the social/solidarity economy movements in Quebec to highlight post-development theory i...

• Word Count: 3546
• Approx Pages: 14
• Grade Level: Graduate

Assigned third-world economy status, dependent upon the world market, and caught amid social and political wars, Africa has not adapted well to the changes thrust upon it by colonial rule. ... The economy's reliance on the world market is an important economic effect of colonialism, as are the new social and demographic changes effected by Africa's incorporation into the global economy. ... The commercialization of commodities has attached specific money values to work or objects that had previously been for social use, and without ownership rights. ... The colonial era introduced s...

• Word Count: 917
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Graduate

Assigned third-world economy status, dependent upon the world market, and caught amid social and political wars, Africa has not adapted well to the changes thrust upon it by colonial rule. ... The economy's reliance on the world market is an important economic effect of colonialism, as are the new social and demographic changes effected by Africa's incorporation into the global economy. ... The commercialization of commodities has attached specific money values to work or objects that had previously been for social use, and without ownership rights. ... The colonial era introduced s...

• Word Count: 917
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Graduate

During the 1990s, literature on the international political economy was dominated by the idea of globalization. Dramatic decreases in transport costs and the rise of fast and cheap telecommunications technology have made geography less relevant and facilitated massive increases in global trade and new forms of multinational production. Whether or not such developments are good or bad is a topic of ongoing political debate. Some argue that an expanding global economy provides new opportunities for the developing world to integrate into global markets and to achieve rapid rises in living standar...

• Word Count: 7309
• Approx Pages: 29
• Grade Level: Graduate