The prime minister at the turn of the decade, Hara Takashi, was the first commoner to hold the position in Japan's history. ... The Meiji Constitution dictated that the military answer only to the emperor, and so any issue concerning military action was out of the hands of the lower house. ... As present in the opinion of some Japanese scholarship, 'the sound and fury of the party battle could never be more than diversionary in the broad sweep of an absolutism built on Emperor, land, and capital.'6 It seems then, that democracy, in its official, parliamentary form, faced a...

• Word Count: 2458
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: Graduate

In reality, this provision in the constitution can be easily explained. Ireland in 1937 is not at its first attempt to establish a constitution, although it is still a burgeoning Republic. Indeed, following the war of independence which led to the Treaty of 1922 granting autonomy to the south of the island, a Constitution had already been put in place and governed the State from 1922 to 1935. ... But at the time, the Constitution made no provision for specialized courts to try detractors of the Republic. ... While the Irish Constitution provides for the existence of Special Courts, it says ...

• Word Count: 10522
• Approx Pages: 42
• Grade Level: Graduate

It is also proven that historical facts occur faster and faster within new generations, that is why the great civilization's struggle for colonization lasted for hundreds of years, and present today Irak and Haiti were invaded in less than two years, another example is that now we can have a constitution in a semester as Irak did a couple of months ago while the creation of city states lasted plenty of time; it is a characteristic of evolution. ... In Old Age (the period between pre-history and renaissance) the creation of city-states took hundreds of years, the same within theocracies, i...

• Word Count: 594
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Graduate

Throughout the history of human being, especially in the modern society, people have long been endeavoring to attain the sacred goal of freedom. The slaves tried every means to escape from their owners even at the cost of their lives; wars broke out in those colony countries to broke the bondage from colonial domination for freedom; it is freedom that serve as the leading spirit in the France Reform; and the spirit of liberty has been written as the declaration of human rights into the constitutions. ... For as we all know, the thousand years of history of men's civilization was a histor...

• Word Count: 661
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Graduate

The Chinese government is notorious for shutting down house churches; their continuous abuse of Tibetan Buddhists, and arrests and prosecution of citizens that exercise their religiosity against the regulations of the state has proved to the world and their citizens that their definition of "freedom of religion" is completely different than what is expected, but their view on religious freedom is evolving, ushering a new age in Chinese religious history. Religion has always been a hot button issue the for communist regime in China, Mau and his communist confederates have always see...

• Word Count: 704
• Approx Pages: 3
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

During 24-year history of Kazakhstan's independence, there has been observed a fair progress in the development of paramount state institutions as well as in the voting system, which has been continuously developing and improving in accordance with legislation and international experience. And such a development is in the first place of importance for the whole population of Kazakhstan nowadays, which has been also recalled in the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, adopted on the 30th of August in 1995. ... For that purpose, in this essay I will examine the fundamental and legal...

• Word Count: 1572
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Graduate

With the collapse of the Soviet Union and the concomitant demise of communism in the twentieth century which shed abroad a spirit of triumphalism through the West, came the euphoric impression that, "history had finally ended with the universal victory of Western liberal democracy as the final form of human government". ... Article 35(1) of the Ghanaian constitution holds that "sovereignty resides in the people of Ghana from whom government derives all its power and authority through this constitution", this principle as evident in the constitution is upheld in Ghana, nonet...

• Word Count: 2047
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

Nevertheless, the question of whether the army is fit to rule Egypt under a democratic state remains the issue three years after what has been described as the biggest revolution in Egypt's modern history. ... Sisi gave Morsi a 48-hour ultimatum to step down, and when Morsi failed to react in time before the deadline, except with a hopeless speech that, if anything, proved his incompetence even more, Morsi was forced to step down by the army and it was announced that the president of the Supreme Constitutional Court would assume power as per the constitution. ... Sisi started avoiding the...

• Word Count: 1377
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Graduate

Voltaire -was an author of enormous industry; seventy volumes of him adorn the present -writer's shelves, and another edition of Voltaire's works runs to ninety- four; he dealt largely with history and public affairs, and he corresponded with Catherine the Great of Russia, Frederick the Great of Prussia, Louis XV, and most of the prominent people of the time. Both Voltaire and Gibbon had the sense of history strong in them; both have set out very plainly and fully their visions of human life; and it is clear that to both of them the system in which they lived, the ! ... Gibbon'...

• Word Count: 2009
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Graduate

Charalambous proposes that despite homosexuality's place in history, "homosexual relationships were never considered equivalent, and never considered an alternative to marriage and the biological family... The assumption that he would be an advocate for the continuation of slavery could be made as it was a traditional institution "based on traditions that went back to the very beginnings of human history... However the use of the word sacrament automatically includes the notion of a lingering Christianity that should not be attached to the constitution in any way: "I always thought that f...

• Word Count: 1420
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Graduate

He states that ethnic pluralism functioned quite well throughout history in agrarian societies, but that the modern, industrial society demands cultural homogeneity . ... Ethnic Albanians of Macedonia have complained that this is reflected in the Macedonian constitution, which does not recognize their language, nationality, and ability to attend a university in their native tongue. ... The university offered curricula that concentrated mainly upon Albanian history and cultural studies, providing a center for intellectuals to act out their nationalist concerns by controlling the p...

• Word Count: 1659
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

History Before being able to focus on the problems Cambodia has faced on its road to establishing a democratic government, one must shed light on Cambodia's rich history. The most important and influential period during Cambodia's ancient history was that of the Khmer Empire rule starting around 802 AD and lasting as long as 1431. ... Due to the fact that Cambodia possesses such a rich history, I will focus on the epochs I believe have forged the country into what the political situation is like today. ... The Khmer rouge movement led by Pol Pot, also known as, "Brother Number ...

• Word Count: 3095
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

Throughout the history of Australian politics, voting behaviours have been caught in an ebb and flow between socio-economic and cultural influences. ... The notion of convergence can also be blamed for obscuring party loyalties, if this is the case, the idea of social classes working against each other as binary opposites to elect a government with policies that are socially important for the day, will be lost, and it may provide the 'elite' with all the power to swing political agenda in accordance with their own needs via means such as the media because voters no longer have an ...

• Word Count: 2367
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

Through history civilizations have rose and fell, carved out of nature, dependent on nature, in the end nature took them back. In spite of the fact that individuals in those colonized nations had settled for a huge number of year, had rich and differed history, some of them, particularly in a piece of Africa, were not all that educated. ...

• Word Count: 2178
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

A master strategist and an activist for Civil Rights, Bayard Rustin is mostly remembered for the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, which has been one of the most famous of the non-violent marches in United States history. ... Other historians have argued that the main reason why Rustin was written out of the history books is because he stayed true to a social agenda that had benefited all groups who were oppressed at the time that the civil rights movement had grown to be politically narrow. ... Gayle in 1956 that made the segregation of buses unconstitutional uner the 14th Amendment o...

• Word Count: 1949
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Graduate

In Western European history, the majority of tensions have primarily been between Germany and France, dating back to the Napoleonic War of the early 19th Century, and followed by the Franco-German War of 1870, and the two World Wars of the 20th Century. ...

• Word Count: 2876
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate