In this essay, we will review the scholarly research on race and sentencing, and discuss a number of important sentencing reforms that have taken place in the U.S. over the past three decades in response to evidence of disparate racial treatment and to pressure from advocates for reform. ... Furthermore, in responding to public demand for harsher and more certain punishment, the United States Congress passed the 1984 Sentencing Reform Act; comprehensive structure sentencing systems designed to reform and equalize sentencing in the federal courts. ...