Sanders believes "blacks constituted an American underclass in all parts of the United States in 190013" whilst Chambers contrasts this, believing "the black codes did not technically re-establish slavery.14" Also in contrast to Sanders is Dunning who states "as the black codes were concerned, it was pointed out that they could not be alleged as a tendency to restore slavery since the offensive acts had in many of the states been repealed by the legislatures themselves and in all had been superseded by the civil rights act.15" I agree with William Dunning to an ex...

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• Grade Level: Undergraduate