The abuse of heroin-whether by inhalation, ingestion, or injection-is the last step in a process of many, and it is those preceding steps that we will discuss. ... Refining raw opium into heroin is a tedious, multistep process. ... This conversion is achieved primarily by chemical processes and requires several basic elements and implements. ... When dried, the morphine resulting from this initial process is pressed into bricks. The conversion of morphine bricks into heroin is also primarily a chemical process. ...

• Word Count: 3024
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

However around 2004, heightened US and European anti-drug law enforcement and border control increased their efforts to mitigate the trafficking, which forced smuggling to occur further south into West Africa5. ...

• Word Count: 3310
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate