The modern era in Jewish thought was established by the alarmingly radical figure of seventeenth century philosopher, Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677), who influenced Enlightenment thought throughout Europe as part of an international ideological movement. ... Spinoza highlighted the tensions of enlightenment. ... Samuel Shirley was inspired to translate Spinoza's works by the belief that Spinoza had, "a vision of truth beyond what is normally granted to human beings."" ... For Spinoza, thought is an attribute of substance. ... According to intellectual Jonathan Israel, Spinoza became, "the...

• Word Count: 2438
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

This type of rationalism was developed by other European philosophers, such as the Dutch philosopher Baruch Spinoza and the German philosopher and mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. ... Rationalism in ethics is the claim that certain primary moral ideas are innate in humankind and that such first moral principles are self-evident to the rational faculty. ...

• Word Count: 2303
• Approx Pages: 9
• Grade Level: Undergraduate