Also, a study sponsored by the Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs showed that from 1974-80, federal contractors who adopted affirmative action goals "added female officials and managers at twice the rate of non-contractors. ... International studies have shown that "a group's low ethnic status or position in a social structure" directly correlates to a group's significantly lower performance on standardized tests. ... These studies suggest that standardized test scores are unintentionally biased against Americans who suffer a lower position in the U.S. soci...

• Word Count: 1760
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

In the essay, "unpacking the Knapsack," Peggy McIntosh contracts multiple rhetorical strategies to contain her readers to validate her claim about racism as well as privilege. ... A privilege is a right or advantage gained by birth, social position, effort, or concession. ... She states that "to redesign social systems we need first to acknowledge their colossal unseen dimensions". ... The purpose of the essay was to create a call to action to the privileged because McIntosh has written to an audience that has unearned privileges, and asks for their recognition in such unf...

• Word Count: 1069
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Within the context of this policy, employers, administrators, contract managers were held accountable to give minorities, women and other special interest group's additional consideration in their decision processes when applying for employment, various memberships and acceptance in educational institutions. ... The long term impact of slavery and other kinds of discrimination, if not corrected by some process, will continue to drive the social ills that pervade American society; illiteracy, unemployment, racism and crime. ... Therefore, Proposition 209 causes further social ill than di...

• Word Count: 1145
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Yet today there is an outspoken minority who want to stop affirmative action not only as a legal remedy, but also as a social commitment. Now that affirmative action has led to some social changes there are those who are saying our society has gone too far in correcting racial injustice. ... Born of the civil rights movement three decades ago, affirmative action calls for minorities and women to be given special consideration in employment, education and contracting decisions. ... Despite the obstacles posed by our institutions and political culture, the evidence indicates that immigrants toda...

• Word Count: 1755
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

It first appeared after the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s as an attempt to accompany the new legal equality gained for minorities with social and economic equality. ... The Affirmative Action allows for fair evaluation of candidates by making up for existing social inequalities. ... This site is dealing with the California Proposition 209 which is "The state shall not discriminate against, or grant preferential treatments to, any individual or group on the basis of race, sex, color, ethnicity, or national origin in the operation of public employment, public education or public contracti...

• Word Count: 1530
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

He verbally contested the government and, in response to his resistance and the social and political climate at that time, the United States passed the 1964 Civil Rights Act, forbidding racial discrimination in "public accommodations" and race and sex discrimination in employment (www.now.org/nnt/08-95/affirmhs.html). ... According to Eastland, "Whoever have been admitted to a school, or won the promotion or contract, but for race, has suffered discrimination- and there is no good discrimination" (Eastland 196). ...

• Word Count: 1695
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

He verbally contested the government and, in response to his resistance and the social and political climate at that time, the United States passed the 1964 Civil Rights Act, forbidding racial discrimination in "public accommodations" and race and sex discrimination in employment (www.now.org/nnt/08-95/affirmhs.html). ... According to Eastland, "Whoever have been admitted to a school, or won the promotion or contract, but for race, has suffered discrimination- and there is no good discrimination" (Eastland 196). ...

• Word Count: 1695
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The phrase "affirmative action" was coined by President John F. Kennedy in 1961 when he issued Executive Order 10925, initiating the President's committee on Equal Employment Opportunity. In 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson issued Executive Order 11246. This order required federal contractors to ...

• Word Count: 2152
• Approx Pages: 9
• Grade Level: Undergraduate