This order did not take into account the discrimination of sex, but it was the first steps towards affirmative action. ... In this case, the Duke Power Company required employees to have a high school diploma and pass a written test for advancement. ... This statement allows for the fact that there are requirements and tests directly applicable to jobs, and that it was not the intent of the court to make these illegal. ... When using sex, creed, or race as part of hiring criteria, it is important to understand what review it will come under if challenged. ... As long as these guidelines a...

• Word Count: 2301
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Because of skin color or sex, people were not treated as equals causing a clear uneven playing field in education. ... Poll taxes, literacy tests, and other such requirements used to restrict blacks from voting were made illegal. ... Allen Bakke in 1977, was twice denied admission to a California medical school despite better grades and test scores than successful minority applicants, Allan Bakke took his grievance to court and set of a major controversy. ... Bakke's college GPA and test scores exceeded those of any of the minority students admitted in the two years he was rejected. ...

• Word Count: 1348
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Building upon Executive Order 8802, Kennedy instructed federal contractors to take "affirmative action to ensure that applicants are treated equally without regard to race, color, religion, sex, or national origin." ... The EEOC, still in existence today, was created to end discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in employment and to promote programs to make equal employment opportunity a reality. ... Duke Power Company (1971), the Court determined that tests used for employing must be related to job performance if they have a negative impact on minorities. ... T...

• Word Count: 1839
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Unfortunately the city of New Haven was not pleased with the results of the test and failed to certify the results. ... In an effort by the city to help ensure a fair testing process compliant with Title VII Civil Rights act they hired a professional testing company, IO Solutions, Inc. to design and administer a race neutral examination process. ... Out of the top ten scores on the test eight were white, and two were hispanic. This means that in order to fill the vacancies from the test scores no blacks would have been promoted. ... This is despite that the test was found to be free of racia...

• Word Count: 2855
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

With newly established diversity in the workplace as well as in the classrooms, Broder claims that people are able to interact with others of different sexes and races and " their insights and perspectives help sharpen your own understanding." ... The tests aren't able to measure the "stature and potential of an individual" such as what obstacles they have had to overcome or what their life experiences have been. In addition, proponents of affirmative action, like David Broder, claim that the diversity achieved through such programs allows blacks and whites and all people for that mat...

• Word Count: 926
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

This legislation, along with an executive order in 1965, helped blacks by forcing businesses receiving federal funds to stop using aptitude tests and other criteria that tended to discriminate against blacks ("affirmative action"). ... In colleges across the country, African-Americans and Hispanics are being admitted at the expense of Caucasians and Asians with higher standardized test scores and high school GPAs for the sake of diversity. ... At the University of Michigan, perhaps the finest public university next to Cal-Berkeley, "the admission rate exceeded 90% for all 'underrepresente...

• Word Count: 2072
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

What seemed like the norm in business traditions, such as seniority status and aptitude test, prevented total equality in employment. ... The text proposition says that the proposition "Prohibits the state, local governments, districts, public universities, colleges, and schools, and other government instrumentalities from discriminating against or giving preferential treatment to any individual or group in public employment, public education, or public contracting on the basis of race, sex, color, ethnicity, or national origin." ... This is where prospective students are accepted based on t...

• Word Count: 1910
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Affirmative action "refers to various efforts to deliberately take race, sex, and national origins into account to remedy past and current effects of discrimination. ... The National Assessment of Educational Progress, a series of national standardize tests, evaluates students on their proficiency in reading, writing and science. ... The principle is that ability, qualifications, and merit, independent of race, national origin, or sex should prevail when one applies for a job or promotion, or for selective institutions for higher education, or when one bids for contracts. ...

• Word Count: 2762
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Affirmative action refers to various efforts to deliberately take race, sex, and national origins into account to remedy past and current effects of discrimination. ... The National Assessment of Educational Progress, a series of national standardize tests, evaluates students on their proficiency in reading, writing and science. ... The principle is that ability, qualifications, and merit, independent of race, national origin, or sex should prevail when one applies for a job or promotion, or for selective institutions for higher education, or when one bids for contracts. ...

• Word Count: 2762
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

This site is dealing with the California Proposition 209 which is "The state shall not discriminate against, or grant preferential treatments to, any individual or group on the basis of race, sex, color, ethnicity, or national origin in the operation of public employment, public education or public contracting." ... There are several factors that a college should take into account when considering applicants, such as grades, test scores, and extra-curricular achievements. ...

• Word Count: 1530
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate