In Hitler's case in Nazi Germany, the Third Reich set up a "Terror State", which was comprised of the Gestapo, the SD (Sicherheitsdienst), and the SS (Schutzstaffel). ... Though it is hard to prove whether or not it was Mao's original intention to condemn the intellectuals through this campaign, it served to oppress the opposition anyway, which helped to get rid of the negative views regarding the Maoist regime, which in turn helped consolidate their power. ...

• Word Count: 1191
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Chief of these were the monies paid by Germany to the victors of the war, initially set at five billion dollars per year up until 1921. ... For example the Sparticast uprising was due to communists who wanted to overthrow the Weimer regime and set up a communist state. ...

• Word Count: 2027
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Undoubtedly the alliance system created rivalries in Europe, it also made war more likely in that it served to change a small dispute concerning one power into one that led to a war involving all powers. ...

• Word Count: 2024
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

On the night of 17 July 1936, the Spanish army, inspired most of all by General Franco, started the Spanish Civil War by rebelling against the Second Republic. A central goal of the rebels was the destruction of left-wing organisations. Franco's fellow officer, General Queipo de Llano, instructed his subordinates on how to treat the 'Bolshevik' activist with this chilling sentence: 'I authorise you to kill him like a dog and you will be free of all responsibility'. Attitudes such as this made the war a terrible tragedy: before its end, in April 1939, 325,000 had died i...

• Word Count: 3763
• Approx Pages: 15
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The term 'totalitarianism' was first coined in Italy in May 1923 as a term of abuse against Mussolini's Fascist government. In England in 1929 the term was used to describe both Fascist (Italy and later Germany) and Communist (Soviet Union) states. Indeed, these countries were ruled by a single mass party controlling the economy, the media and the arms of a state controlled through terror and a fixed ideology ; which, according to Carl Friedrich (a political thinker), define the features of a totalitarian state. Looking at Hitler's Germany, one can say that it stands for a...

• Word Count: 2961
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Introduction The field of transitional justice was practically nonexistent prior to the end of the Second World War. Mass atrocities had taken place on the world stage with almost no consequences being brought upon the perpetrators, and more importantly the orchestrators or those "most responsible" for these crimes. This would all change after the crimes of the Nazis being brought to light during/after WWII. There was a paradigm shift in the international community in regards to justice being brought upon those who commit these crimes and the common thought or feeling that this coul...

• Word Count: 4395
• Approx Pages: 18
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate