The Roman Catholic Church has refused to move with the shift. ... Stanton stresses that woman's degradation and oppression in the Roman Catholic Church stems from the "Canon Law ""the religious dogma of the Roman Catholic Church." ... This seems like a case of icing on the cake, which would seem that the Canon Law is the ratification of the Roman civil law in the Roman Catholic Church in order to continually dominate women. ... As a result, the Christian religion was legalized and Emperor Theodosius 1 made it the official religion of the Empire. ... Consequently, women in the Roman C...

• Word Count: 2952
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

As a result, his premature death led to dissension and internal rivalry throughout the Macedonian Empire. The fall of the Macedonian Empire following the death of Alexander is very controversial as it was an empire built by King Philip II to survive. ... Pomeroy claims that Philip "did what the Persian Empire, the Athenian Empire, and the Peloponnesian League could not do at their zenith " as he tamed Greece (Pomeroy, 1999). ... Additionally, one of Alexander's greatest achievements was his overthrowing of the Persian Empire. ... Alexander conquered the Persian Empire and implemented a un...

• Word Count: 3952
• Approx Pages: 16
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

In the first half of the 16th century, Western Europe experienced a wide range of social, artistic and geographically political changes that created conflict within the Holy Roman Empire. ... In Austria for example, 98% of the population professes to be Roman Catholic. ... "The Roman Catholic Church perhaps reached its low point in terms of moral example in the years surrounding the Reformation. ... The Roman Church was also known for its excessive wealth during this period. ... The most famous excess of the Roman Catholic Church during the period of the Protestant Reformation was the sale...

• Word Count: 2755
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Born in 69 BC, Cleopatra VII was the inheritor of the Greek Macedonian, Ptolemaic Empire in Egypt. ... Cleopatra concluded that to hold onto her kingdom she need strong Romans on her side. "Cleopatra was to base her foreign policy on Roman alliances." ... Caesar's association with the foreign queen stirred up much resentment and gossip among the Romans. ... Octavian was victorious at the Battle of Philippi in 42BC, upon when the empire was divided between Octavian to the west Lepidus with Africa and Antony to the east where she soon allied herself with the promiscuous and handsome Roman g...

• Word Count: 2591
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

A Brief Overview: History of Franconian Empire From the historical perspective, the Franconian Empire was one of the most substantial changes toward integrated administration of the medieval passé. ... " In order to describe the significance as well as importance of the Franconian Empire, Meyer's Encyclopedic Lexicon in his review mentioned that the Empire of the Franks performed the key role of basic foundation for the development of cultures and establishments of the entire European nation. ... The western side of the Franconian Empire went to Karl the Bald and the easte...

• Word Count: 3025
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The British were involved in the usual strategic planning aiming at securing their access to the Empire and, in the end, the arms race "contributed to the feeling that war was inevitable." ... The Austro-Hungarian Empire was losing its geopolitical integrity; Britain had to deal with the Ulster Irish question that was about to overspill; France had as issues taxation and the Three-Year service issue. ... Britain had an Empire to defend; Russia was pushing in the Middle East and was already present in Persia; Italy wanted to live up to its glorious past and Germany wanted to create its own sea ...

• Word Count: 4114
• Approx Pages: 16
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Many former African kingdoms and Empires traced their origin from such kin group and Decent that tied them with same cultural bond and believes system. For example the former Mali Empire with its capital city as Timbuktu, was made of the Mandingoes speaking people who claimed from Shounthiata Kiata. the Songhai Empire which is the day the Nigeria , Ghana Togo was dominated by the Hausa Yoruba and the Sine Saloum region which is made of today the Senegambia region was made of the Wolof who also claimed a direct decent from (Bourba Saloum ) meaning the Saloum chief. ... Despite this antago...

• Word Count: 2773
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The fascinating history of mechanical engineering started very early with both the Roman and the Chinese empires, that stills many influences in seeping into modern society. ... The brief history of mechanical engineering originally starts out with the ancient empires of the Romans and Chinese. According to how stuff works, the ancient Romans influenced modern civilization with its developments of "sewers, aqueducts and concrete"" (Gallagher, 2011). The Romans mechanically designed and constructed each of these in order to fulfill a specific purpose in their society. ... Both of these great e...

• Word Count: 2938
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Professor Rufus Fears's essay opens this unique collection by examining the concept of liberty in Republican Rome and its transformation from the period of the Republic to the Empire. In the Republic, liberty was a religious tenet reserved exclusively for Romans. Juridically protected, it was considered necessary to preserve Roman morality. ... One development in this period, however, enhanced both the value and future success of liberty, for: Out of the political wasteland of the collapse of the Roman Republic there came birth as well as death. ...

• Word Count: 2975
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Our research set out to improve our understanding of the immigration from 1960s up to 1980s and by exploring the rhythms and realities of everyday life both of immigrants and natives people. This research is based on the immigration policy in Britain, which structured the lives of immigrants. We aimed to investigate the strategies people deployed in the time of far-researching changes, to meet their perceived priorities and needs. The first category includes such details as the economic, political and social condition in the countries of emigration. Understanding why immigrants leave their ho...

• Word Count: 4568
• Approx Pages: 18
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

When Augustus took control of the new empire, he needed to reassert to the people that Rome was now what it always had been, with only a few changes. ... Furthermore, Ab Urbe Condita is rife with retrojection because Livy's mindset was firmly entrenched in the Roman world of the past two centuries. The events of these two centuries formed the lens through which he viewed the history of the early Roman people. ... After all, they were still Roman citizens. ... The treatment of Gracchus is precisely what Livy thinks the Roman people must avoid to keep away from ruin, but are continuously s...

• Word Count: 2928
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Bismarck's Domestic Policy 1871-1890. Along with getting an IB Paper 3 question about Biz's foreign policy, you might also (instead?) encounter a question about the domestic policy that Biz pursued as Chancellor of the German Empire from 1871-1890. So let's deal with that now. OK? It is likely...

• Word Count: 10254
• Approx Pages: 41
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

When the war was finally brought to an end, the French Colonial Empire had ceded Quebec, the former New France, to Britain; so the British Empire finally established its hegemony in North America. ... Prior to the Seven Years' War, the French Colonial Empire was like a time bomb ticking alongside the New England residents. While the threat was finally removed, the old colonies no longer felt that dependent upon the shield of British power.xi Furthermore, through nearly a century of expansion under the British Empire's protection, the Colonial society had evolved into a force to be re...

• Word Count: 2752
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Located at the meeting point of southeastern Europe and western borders of Asia this region was historically under the influence of Roman Empire, Greeks and later Mongols, Persians, and Turks. ... Later, while Xenophon conquered and ruled this region, armenians were known as a separate ethnic and political group and were share Archaeminid Empire. ... Historically, they ruled their certain fatherlands and were periodically oppressed by different powerful Empires. ... From the beginning of 18th century, Russian Empire had a major role in Transcaucasus region. ... Tsarist Russian Empire supplant...

• Word Count: 2599
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The Romans used ideas of democracy similar to that of the Greeks, though not to the same extent. The Roman Empire (509-27 BC) took some of their governmental ideals from the Greeks. ... Many Roman political thinkers were fond of democracy. The Roman Statesman, Cicero was one. ... After the trend of democracy was started by the Greeks and carried on by the Romans, it has been seen in many later governmental systems throughout history. ...

• Word Count: 3560
• Approx Pages: 14
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

" (Revelation 13:1) Malina and Pilch explain this beast as a reference to the oppression that first and second century Christians were experiencing at the hands of the Romans. They write that the concept of "blasphemy on his head" refers to the fact that The Roman emperors were called divus or sebastos, words that referred to a divinity they claimed or accepted for themselves. ... (Malina & Pilch 2000) Although both Revelation and 1 Enoch clearly share a monster motif, the beasts in Enoch function as a reward for the righteous, while the beasts in Revelation serve as a kind...

• Word Count: 2680
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Introduction I have chosen 19th century art and the Aesthetic Movement to consider What is an aesthetic? I chose this period because the aesthetic movement of the 19th century celebrated beauty for its own sake, not just in painting but also in furniture, textiles, ceramics, fashion and architecture. Beauty in the Victorian period was very much linked to lifestyle. It was also the period where photography first started to be widely used. Charles Baudelaire sums up the idea of beauty and aesthetics for me, he said: All beauties contain, like all possible phenomena, something eternal and somet...

• Word Count: 2825
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Previous to the Norman invasion, the Catholic Church in England was perhaps the least influenced by the Roman center than any other in Europe. There was a feeling of fidelity and homage to the Roman and Papal roots abroad, but the distance was too far and the Channel provide a physical barrier to influence either way. ... After Charlemagne divided his empire, the Gregorian revolution swept through out Europe and the Papacy asserted itself as a principal political power after centuries of subordination and lay control. ... He controlled much of Charlemagne's old empire and sought to once a...

• Word Count: 2829
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

(The word fascism derives from the Latin fasces: an ax surrounded by a bundle of sticks that represented the authority of the Roman state. ... In 1929, he settled Italy's sixty-year-old con- flict with the Roman Catholic Church. He signed a treaty that granted independence to the papal residence in the Vatican City and established Roman Catholicism as the official religion of the state. ...

• Word Count: 5609
• Approx Pages: 22
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

An example of this that comes from his writing is " 'The historical situation of the Korean people, who are suffering from the political suppression of the Japanese, is the same as that of the early Christians also suppressed under the reign of the Roman empire."" This interpretation of the apocalypse resonated with Korean people because it provided hope that something else was possible in the dark period of domination under the Japanese colonial empire. ...

• Word Count: 3418
• Approx Pages: 14
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

When a soldier in the United States Military is stationed in an Asian country what he imagines is the tropical beaches, palm trees and those beautiful exotic desirable women. The US Military along with the militaries from these Asian countries take this into consideration when it comes to the envir...

• Word Count: 2976
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The past decade witnessed many conflicts which focused around the issues of sovereignty. States have invaded other sovereign states for reasons that seem to be dubious by the international community. National separatist movements have intensified and are associated with the rise of the doctrine of self-determination among nations and ethnic groups (versus sovereign states). The decline of the concept of sovereignty, the increasing international recognition of the principles of human rights and the rise of self-determination all caused many implications on the norm of non-intervention in the do...

• Word Count: 2503
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The past decade witnessed many conflicts which focused around the issues of sovereignty. States have invaded other sovereign states for reasons that seem to be dubious by the international community. National separatist movements have intensified and are associated with the rise of the doctrine of self-determination among nations and ethnic groups (versus sovereign states). The decline of the concept of sovereignty, the increasing international recognition of the principles of human rights and the rise of self-determination all caused many implications on the norm of non-intervention in the do...

• Word Count: 2503
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

While the Celts in Europe were eventually assimilated into the Roman Empire, in Ireland they survived. ... In Gaelic history there are stories of High Kings invading various parts of Britain when they were at their most powerful; more especially Niall of the Nine Hostages who repeatedly invaded Britain and Scotland, conquering the Picts and harrying the Romans as they retreated south. ... This was recorded by a Roman historian and poet, Claudian, who wrote about "when Scots came, thundering from Irish shores" to pillage Roman Britain (The Scots referred to are in fact the Irish). ... In fact, ...

• Word Count: 10019
• Approx Pages: 40
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Capital Punishment Capital punishment is not a new concept. It is older then the Roman Empire, and has changed much since it's first use. Death through drowning, crucifixion, or hanging, or throwing form a high rock, or being thrown into a fiery furnace, or firing squad, or electric chair or th...

• Word Count: 2839
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate