The bond of duty also has a regulative expression, but the bond is "only a restriction on indeterminate subjectivity or abstract freedom- (p107 149). ... Since it is subjective, it will always be limited to particular moments and therefore cannot be rational. Without the rationality of an objective will, the universal will would merely be a general will for individuals. Rationality is the unity of the universal and the individual (p156 258). ... Rationality is concrete, explicit complete actualization, only in the state. ...

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• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

People of the time were searching for a rational approach to creating a better society for themselves due to the political and economic changes that were occurring at a rapid rate across Europe. ... Locke saw humans as good, rational, social, cooperative, and tolerant. ... He became famous for his wit and satire, attacks against the Catholic Church, desire for a reformed monarchy, advocation for freedom of religion and expression, as well as separation of church and state. ... Bentham believed that society could teach individuals to be rational by giving them an ideal environment to learn prop...

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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Third argument: (1) Nature does nothing pointlessly. (2) A human being is the only animal with rational discourse, logon. (3) Rational discourse is for making clear what is expedient or harmful, and hence what is just or unjust. (4) It is community in good and evil, and just and unjust, that produces a household and a city. (5) Therefore, a human being is by nature a political animal. ... Aristotle thus thinks of a city as a form of human community constituted by a system of laws which embody a conception of what is just and what is unjust; only in such a community can human beings develop and...

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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

He further stated that realism, believing as it does in the objectivity of the laws of politics, must also believe in the possibility of developing a rational theory that reflects, however imperfectly and one-sidedly, these objective laws. ... To give meaning to the factual raw material of foreign policy, one must approach political reality with a kind of rational outline, a map that suggests the possible meanings of foreign policy. In other words, one put himself in the position of a statesman who must meet a certain problem of foreign policy under certain circumstances, and one ask himself w...

• Word Count: 4234
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Virtu Like most Western philosophers, Niccolo Machiavelli's ideas were heavily influenced by the early Greek philosophers. Most notable among the Greek philosophers who inspired Machiavelli was Plato. In particular, Machiavelli took interest in Plato's concept of just rulers who ruled by moral virtue. Machiavelli argued against this Platonic philosophy. He believed in "virtu", whatever was best for the State was virtu. ...

• Word Count: 4508
• Approx Pages: 18
• Grade Level: Undergraduate