But the Pope had its own finance, army and administration which formed an individual and separate state local rivalry was marked and particularism prevented the rise of a homogeneous nationalism. ... Federation was another line when unification was to be under the Pope as advocated by Goberti. ... And finally it proved useless when the movement was betrayed by the Pope. ...

• Word Count: 10644
• Approx Pages: 43
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Machiavelli stressed the need to conquer new lands and for princes to maintain their power through any means necessary, using Alexander VI, Cesare Borgia, and Julius II as his primary examples. ... Humanistic thought did not flourish in Rome until the papacy of Pope Nicholas V (1447-1455). He became the first pope to openly advocate humanism, and he recruited scholars to come to Rome and translate ancient Greek texts (Humanism: Italy" 4). ...

• Word Count: 2321
• Approx Pages: 9
• Grade Level: Undergraduate