Overwhelmingly similar are the cases of Henry II and Becket compared to Barbarossa and Alexander III. ... The Emperor appointed the Pope and did whatever he desired. ... When his ally, Pope Adrian IV died in 1159 and was replaced by Alexander III, Barbarossa was intent on invading Milan and did so successfully. ... His intent was to depose Alexander III and place his own religious pawn at the head of the Church. ... Although the treaty did humiliate Barbarossa and forced him to kneel before the Pope and accede to his divine superiority, Alexander permitted all of the antipope bishops appoi...

• Word Count: 2829
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate