The first difference that comes to mind is how the philosophers are born predestined to be philosophers while sages are not determined at birth. ... In addition Socrates would have his philosophers free of emotional attachments to any person. ... Like the philosopher kings, Confucius's gentleman would ideally rule their city. ... As Socrates defines them, philosophers are "those who come to love the spectacle of truth" (book V 475 e) Therefore the philosopher's goal is to understand the world through knowledge and learning. ... Because the philosophers must stick to their dealings of...

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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Two brilliant philosophers of the seventeenth century developed theories on how humankind develops socially from the human state of nature. ... These two philosophers, even though they both believe in the social contract developing out of the state of nature, differ in how they develop what they believe the social contract is and what the state of nature is, for what and how it came to be, and the role it plays in society and government today. ... Overall, philosophers Locke and Rousseau both believed that in the state of nature, man eventually will desire some sort of organization, thus deve...

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The philosopher Plato questioned " How can a thing that is moved by another ever be the beginning of change?" ... Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) was the most influential philosopher in the development of the cosmological argument. ... Another strength of the cosmological argument is that humans can see the issue of cause/effect operating reliably everyday day within the universe, it is logical for the philosophers to assume that causes have effects based on their experiences. ... Finally, some philosophers can argue that even if there was an unmoved mover that does not conclude, as William lane ...

• Word Count: 1502
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Michel Foucault was a French philosopher and historian (1926-1984). He received his education at the Sorbonne, focusing on psychology (1948) and at the University of Paris (psychopathology, 1950).[1] His pursuit of history and philosophy was therefore seen as an interest rather than a scholarly ende...

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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Other philosophers believe the opposite is true - that time is cyclical, revolving, moving. ... A question that every philosopher of time faces is whether or not time flows or is stationary. ... Philosophers who maintain this belief are of two types: process philosophers and philosophers of the manifold. ... To these philosophers, neither the future nor the past can be changed or altered because, according to the philosophers of the manifold, neither past or future really exist - time is always now, always occurring in the present. ... Regarding the "flow" of time, philosophers" generally beli...

• Word Count: 1525
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They also use a much more reasonable and educated approach than philosophers have done in the past. ... Betham can be classified as a legal philosopher due to this. ... This sets him apart from many contemporary philosophers. ... Although they differ in this sense, it can be accredited to the fact the Bentham was a legal philosopher and Marx was primarily an economist/economic philosopher. ... We are now able to expand our horizons in ways not thought of by traditional philosophers of the past. ...

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Philosophers such as Margaret Wilson state that it would be much more rational and contain more logic to sift through all their beliefs with close examination and thus discard the bad ones. ... Many philosophers find his work boring and useless with no meaning but on the other hand have been studied intensely to acknowledge Descartes as an excellent thinker. ... However some philosophers believe that being a nilisht is not necessarily a bad thing, they see as a different state at which to arrive at a different way of thinking about life, e.g. German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche. ... I...

• Word Count: 1251
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But when he is compared to Plato, are the two philosophers similar or different? ... Plato and Aristotle are two of the most widely acclaimed philosophers in their field. As a pupil of Socrates, Plato went on to become a well known philosopher and teacher of Aristotle. ... Albeit a common similarity between the two philosophers is that both men fail to account for the possibility that events could sometimes have a chance happening, which is difficult to study in the first place. ... In the end, Both the teachings of Plato and Aristotle, and their views and critiques, leave a vast world of stud...

• Word Count: 1261
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Today's world is a world of total surveillance. Video cameras, secret shoppers, and thumb print scanners are only the beginning of a long list of devises that are used today to keep society "in check". In Staples essay, he argues that surveillance has engulfed our cultures and has infiltrated ever...

• Word Count: 1321
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This argument can be tracked back to a few millenniums ago when in 350 B.C. philosophers asked the same question about human behavior. Plato and Aristotle, for instance, were both philosophers with different views on the issue. ... Considering philosophy as a whole, it is possible to distinguish philosophers who adopt an extreme nature or heredity position, known as nativists, and philosophers who support the nurture and environmental position, known as empiricists.
The basic belief of a native philosopher is that individual difference is the mere consequence of evolution; every individual i...

• Word Count: 1525
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Many philosophers are known to be skeptics. "The Eleatic philosophers rejected the existence of plurality and change, conceiving of reality as a static one, and they denied that reality could be described in terms of the categories of ordinary experience. ... Other philosophers (or sophists) that are more familiar to our basic learning of classical philosophy that were skeptics in their time were Protagoras and Descartes. ... A philosopher who raises a challenge of finding the truth of something is widely agreed to be a cynic; a doubter; or as we preferably know it: a skeptic. ... " ...

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(Porter, 161-168) As time wore on, many men began looking back to earlier writers and philosophers such as Descartes and Newton. ... Philosophers and intellectuals at the time of the Enlightenment strived to discover the laws that rule this orderly universe. ... Rene Descartes, a French philosopher and scientist, believed that reason and rationality defined all sciences and philosophies. ... This type of rationalism was developed by other European philosophers, such as the Dutch philosopher Baruch Spinoza and the German philosopher and mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Descartes" the...

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Dualism: The Struggle To Find Order and Meaning The struggle to find order in the world and to distinguish humans from other forms of life has been the primal exercise of philosophers throughout recorded history. ... Many predominant modern philosophies in Western civilization are directly traceable to Zoroastrianism through (1) the Greek philosophers Plato, Aristotle, and Zeno, (2) the Roman Stoics, (3) the Manicheans and Saint Augustine of Hippo in the Third Century A.D., (4) the Albigensians of Southern France and Spain in the early Middle Ages, (5) the Italian scholastic philosophe...

• Word Count: 2074
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Utilitarianism was developed in late eighteenth century by English philosopher and social reformer Jeremy Bentham (Mautner). ... Philosopher, economist, and spokesman for women's suffrage, John Stuart Mill, published the paper "Utilitarianism" in 1861 to pose his argument supporting his claim for equal rights. ... (Weston) John Locke was amongst the first philosophers to advocate the idea of natural rights. ... According to modern experimental psychologists, experimental tests show that the vast majority of people think it is right to pull the lever but it is wrong to push the ...

• Word Count: 1392
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In the second century AD the Sophist philosopher Artemidorus of Daldis (who makes two brief and enigmatic appearances in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar) drew together the wisdom of earlier centuries, much of it already collected in the great library of the Babylonian King Asurna at Ninevah. ... In nineteenth century Europe even philosophers such as Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762-1814) and Johann Friedrich Herbart (1777-1841) began to regard dreams as worthy of serious psychological study, and thus the way was prepared for the revolution in dream theory that began at the end of the century wit...

• Word Count: 2340
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Many of the philosophers we have been reading about in class seem to me to be hopelessly dated. ... And many of the philosophers who have existed over the course of centuries have necessarily had to worry about governmental, church or societal disapproval, censorship, or punishment. ... As so it seems that, in order for a philosopher to be relevant for the future as well as the present, he must take into account all of the objections to his philosophy which can be anticipated at the present time. ... And it seems to me that the most frequent objections to modern and pre-modern philosophers ...

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In his best work "Two treatises on government " the philosopher point out that the state of nature does not have the Hobbes' negative sides of conflict and passion's domain. ... According to the philosopher, the most important factor is the self-govern of individuals; they will have only those rights that the whole society has decided to self-attribute. ...

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In the ideal political regimes, the philosopher is the ruler. Seeing as the Philosopher rules all, citizens in society should not need to have their political judgment conditioned, as they would not be making any political decisions. ... The exhibition of the moderation virtue is that philosophers rule and they as rulers are responsible for the making of decisions, and thus they that have the virtue of wisdom. ... This proves a contradiction in Plato and Aristotle's beliefs, as in one case he states that an ideal regime would have only a philosopher ruling a state however he disproves his...

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Many philosophers believe that something is material, if and only if it is spatial, extended in space. ... Philosophers that acknowledge only the mind are idealists or mentalists and philosophers who acknowledge the body are materialists. ... Rene Descartes was one philosopher that dealt with the mind-body problem. ...

• Word Count: 1640
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Contributors include the ideology of Confucius, a wise Chinese philosopher; the alleged principles behind the status of women in Chinese society; the first emperor to govern a united China, Qin Shi Huangdi; and the numerous religious beliefs, which the people adopted during the era of Traditional China. The ideas and teachings of the most respected philosopher in Chinese history, Confucius, have had a major impact on the beliefs, customs and culture in Traditional China. ... To try to explain and understand why nature operated in such opposing ways, ancient Chinese philosophers believed that...

• Word Count: 1560
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Contributors include the ideology of Confucius, a wise Chinese philosopher; the alleged principles behind the status of women in Chinese society; the first emperor to govern a united China, Shi Huangdi; and the numerous religious beliefs, which the people adopted during the era of Traditional China. The ideas and teachings of the most respected philosopher in Chinese history, Confucius, have had a major impact on the beliefs, customs and culture in Traditional China. ... To try to explain and understand why nature operated in such opposing ways, ancient Chinese philosophers believed that ev...

• Word Count: 1680
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Another position many philosophers take is the claim of compatibilism. ... Many philosophers would argue that to be free is to have a choice and that one is not displaying freedom if they are determined to make a choice, no matter how much deliberation is happens. ... Another stance many philosophers have taken on free will is libertarianism. ...

• Word Count: 1943
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

There are many reasons provided for this by various political philosophers. ... Traditionally the concepts of PS and RoL are linked to the legislature and judiciary respectively but we will discuss that many modern political philosophers seem to have a shift in opinion. ... Political philosopher AV Dicey has similar views, which are apparent with the definition in his book4. ... The doctrine of SoP is a political theory first developed by the philosopher Montesquieu12. ...

• Word Count: 1820
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The modern era in Jewish thought was established by the alarmingly radical figure of seventeenth century philosopher, Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677), who influenced Enlightenment thought throughout Europe as part of an international ideological movement. ... He was expelled from the Sephardi community of Amsterdam in 1656 for his unorthodox views, yet, despite this, he had an influence on subsequent, more orthodox Jewish philosophers such as Moses Mendelssohn who was born 52 years after Spinoza's death. ... Spinoza was a materialist philosopher, who rejected Descartes' dualism b...

• Word Count: 2438
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Plato, the great Greek philosopher, further expounds on the procedure of how reason effects will in his books, The Republic and Phaedrus. ... These philosophers agree that effective desires motivate one to act and that to increase one's enjoyment and to lessen the pain, one employs reason to sort through the desires to find value in them. ... Unlike other philosophers before him, Hume vehemently opposes the view that practical reason can motivate a person to action. ... Unlike the other philosophers, Rawls boldly claims that the person does not follow desires that spring up out of nowher...

• Word Count: 2251
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate