It was merely the first of millions, if not billions, of similarly angry and uniformed responses that would be heard from opposers for centuries to come. ... The following factors will be compared and contrasted between countries because of their reception of Darwinism: in Ireland, through the Protestant church and how Catholics rejected the idea, in the Netherlands, three specific groups who made up a political-religious divide between progressive liberals and conservative Christians, and in France, how early theories of evolution and natural selection gave way to Darwin's theory. 1 ...

• Word Count: 3674
• Approx Pages: 15
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The area I am now standing in was known as the Sixth Ward in the early 19th century, which was encompassed by West Street to the west, Reade Street to the south, Canal Street to the north and Broadway to the east1. ... Collect Pond Park is one of them that I am particularly interested in as it is historically known as the location of a spring fed fresh water pond that was a great source for water in the 17th to the early 19th century and later on was polluted by waste from "noxious industry" (Alyssa Loorya, Archaeologist)2. ... Not surprisingly, it was a Native American tribe called...

• Word Count: 3406
• Approx Pages: 14
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Initially attracted to California by the discovery of gold in the mid-nineteenth century, by the l860s thousands of Chinese laborers were enticed here to construct the mountainous western section of the transcontinental railroad. ... The popular conception of the Chinese woman, whose numbers were few in nineteenth-century America, was that of a singsong girl, a prostitute or an inmate of an opium den. ... For example, in "Criticism and Fiction" (1891), William Dean Howells, a advocate of nineteenth-century American realism, warns readers to avoid sentimental or sensational novels, which he cla...

• Word Count: 2633
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

This paper focuses on the oppression of American Indians in the U.S. during the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries. ... The arrival of Europeans to the Americas in the seventeenth century marked a major change in the natives' society and culture. ... This idea of, "otherness," led to centuries of oppression and discrimination against native people. ... The Euro-American view of the American Indian is historically significant because it shaped the attitudes of those who would later construct Indian policy in the nineteenth century. ... In the early nineteenth centu...

• Word Count: 2993
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The trans-Atlantic slave trade was the largest long-distance coerced movement of people in history and, prior to the mid-nineteenth century, formed the major demographic well-spring for the re-peopling of the Americas following the collapse of the Amerindian population. ... From the late fifteenth century, the Atlantic Ocean, once a formidable barrier that prevented regular interaction between those peoples inhabiting the four continents it touched, became a commercial highway that integrated the histories of Africa, Europe, and the Americas for the first time. ... For several cent...

• Word Count: 4994
• Approx Pages: 20
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

In the nineteenth century, as white Americans proceeded to build and delineate their nation, they carried on a process they had started as colonists, settling a new world, and transforming its landscape, which had been modelled by Native Americans up to that time. ... The nineteenth century saw the continental expansion of the United States and a transportation revolution that resulted from it, as well as industrialization, astonishing population growth and urbanization. ... The Hunter's Return was specially made for New York art collector George Austen, and the painting w...

• Word Count: 3252
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Social Darwinism and Eugenics of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries are often seen as theories based on scientific knowledge. ... Usually when writers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century wrote on this theory they rarely used the actual term Social Darwinism. ... I would define social Darwinism as a defunct social theory in which people tried to determine fitness within society using race and class that often was an excuse for acting out on social anxieties of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in industrialized countries. Social Darwinism in the U...

• Word Count: 3313
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

What were the sexual ethics in the nineteenth century and how were those ethics compared to the twentieth century concept of sexual ethics? The focal point of this research paper is to draw the disparity of sexual morality between the nineteenth century and the twentieth century as well as to describe the economic structures, norms, values, and social conditions that have led to such transformation in America's society. ... During the nineteenth century, the "nuclear family" structure dominated in American cities; with husbands working in factories and businesses to earn income and wome...

• Word Count: 2720
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Laced throughout this gothic novel arise many of these sexual expressions, however, despite this underpinned sexuality there remains a conservative ideology of woman subversive to man; the idea of the pure woman being seduced by the overpowering man, in what is thought to be a lurid sexual act, yet also strives to maintain a level of the conservative and uphold the social morals of the nineteenth century. ... In earlier centuries, women who had been raped were often punished harshly for having behaved immorally'. ... This is very much parallel to that of changing religious perceptions ...

• Word Count: 2816
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The following essays, which were the first of the Goodrich Lecture Series at Wabash College, examine the concept of liberty as it has been understood from antiquity through the twentieth century. ... The sixteenth century witnessed the emergence of philosophies of liberty opposed to those found in antiquity and the Middle Ages. ... The clearest sixteenth-century defender of the older concepts of liberty was Richard Hooker, who maintained that liberty, properly exercised, requires men to act in conformance with the traditional social, political, and religious orders, which enable them to serve...

• Word Count: 2975
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Certain aspects of seventeenth century philosophy left room for human err, such as the easily influenced mind and its ability to misrepresent information, beside the already prevalent social tension amongst classes of the time that would have a eruptive impact society's subconscious. ... The highest ideology of nineteenth century liberalism was that economically, maximum freedom would only come as the result of the limited power of government. ...

• Word Count: 3737
• Approx Pages: 15
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

As a rule, Classicism can be characterized as an issue in writing, visual workmanship, music, or construction modeling that draws on the styles of antiquated Greece and Rome, particularly fifth- and fourth-century b.c.e. ... Despite this perplexity, the term is still important in depicting particular styles and inspirations in writing and human expressions from the medieval times to the eighteenth century. ... The investigation of aged Greek was essentially obscure in western Europe from the fifth century c.e. ahead. ... The presentation of printing in the recent piece of the fifteenth centur...

• Word Count: 2501
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Was the British entrepreneur the most important single reason for the relative decline of the British economy in the late nineteenth century? ... There was only state intervention in British education as late as 1902, and the century` s children and industries were generally regarded as ill -served. ... "The assimilation of the British business classes to the social pattern of the gentry and aristocracy had proceeded very rapidly from the mid nineteenth century, the period when so many of the so called ` public schools ` were founded, or reformed by finally excluding the poor for whom t...

• Word Count: 3250
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

It was the social contract theorists, Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau, who first arrived at explanations of inequality in the eighteenth century. ... It is therefore important to remember that whilst the concept of class was only recognised by mankind in the seventeenth century, its existence may be traced back to the origins of mankind. ... Work as employment i therefore of declining importance as a source of social identity in the second half of the twentieth century. ... As work declines in importance in the twentieth century, so too do other factors become relevant for the analysis of stratif...

• Word Count: 3162
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

They start from the very beginning exploring as far back as the 18th century by discussing how textile mills started recording in their books accounting information. ... Although "bookkeeping" accounting has been in existence for at least 500 years, modern-day management accounting had its roots in the nineteenth century with the Industrial Revolution, in which economies of scale were achieved in textiles, railroads, and steel. ... Management accounting has roots in the capital-intensive, single-product enterprises (such as the railroad, steel and coal industries) that matured during the late ...

• Word Count: 3169
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Although "bookkeeping" accounting has been in existence for at least 500 years, modern-day management accounting had its roots in the nineteenth century with the Industrial Revolution, in which economies of scale were achieved in textiles, railroads, and steel. ... Management accounting has roots in the capital-intensive, single-product enterprises (such as the railroad, steel and coal industries) that matured during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. ... These milestones span the early twentieth century, the post World War II era, and the beginning of the Information Age. .....

• Word Count: 5316
• Approx Pages: 21
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Like many other nineteenth century intellectuals, Lord Byron viewed Napoleon Bonaparte as the embodiment of a philosophical groundwork-he was deeply influenced by Bonaparte's way of thinking (MacCarthy vii). ... In 1811, he stood up for a group of workers in London during the 19th century and violently protested against the machinery used during the Industrial Revolution (MacCarthy 82). ... Here, we can also see Byron "confronting both his personal chagrin at his own ruined inheritance and what he was already defining as an early nineteenth century England in terminal decline&qu...

• Word Count: 2505
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The Theory of Money and the Theory of Value The most important point to emerge from Marx's theory of money is the idea that money is a form of value. The difficulty with this idea is that we are more familiar with money itself than with value in other forms. But value does appear in forms other than money. For example, the balance sheet of a capitalist firm estimates the value of goods in process and of fixed capital which has not yet been depreciated, as well as the value of inventories of finished commodities awaiting sale. Each of these aggregations of commodities has a value, usually...

• Word Count: 5092
• Approx Pages: 20
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Additionally, we will examine why this foreign policy could not be successfully carried over into the twentieth century. ... However, this power began to shift in the late nineteenth century and consequently, so did the United States approach to foreign policy. The rise of a militant Germany and a modern Russia in the late nineteenth century threatened the balance of power in Europe that had been so advantageous for the United States. The technological advancements that had been made in the nineteenth century made the landscape of Eastern Europe more dangerous if it fell into the hands of a ...

• Word Count: 5653
• Approx Pages: 23
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Introduction I have chosen 19th century art and the Aesthetic Movement to consider What is an aesthetic? I chose this period because the aesthetic movement of the 19th century celebrated beauty for its own sake, not just in painting but also in furniture, textiles, ceramics, fashion and architecture. ... Constable is known as a Romantic artist, Kathryn Calley Galitz of the Department of European Paintings, The Metropolitan Museum of Art writes about Romanticism Romanticism, first defined as an aesthetic in literary criticism around 1800, gained momentum as an artistic movement in France and B...

• Word Count: 2825
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The colonial period began with the discovery of Hispanola by Christopher Columbus in 1492 and most Latin American countries gained their independence in the nineteenth century. ... As most regions emancipated the slaves sometime in the mid eighteenth century, a social pyramid developed where white elite's at the top, mulatto landowners and poor whites in the middle and Blacks and Indians at the bottom. ... This regionalism has led to frequent revolts, guerrilla warfare and political instability (until the past half a century). ... Certain countries in the past half-century have attempted ...

• Word Count: 2984
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Besides Shelley's own personal life the economic philosophies of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth century played a role in the shaping of Shelley's thoughts as well. In the mid-eighteenth century a young economist by the name of Adam Smith advanced ideas on the nature of governments and people that dealt with the moral consciousness inherent within people. ... By the nineteenth century, the major scientific thinkers, following Descartes, were proclaiming that all of nature was one vast machine. ...

• Word Count: 3377
• Approx Pages: 14
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

During the last half of the nineteenth-century the government formed strict laws to thwart the strong beliefs of polygamy until church leaders denounced the practice. In the twentieth century the Church came under fire because of its controversial ideas considering African Americans. ... The war over slavery during the second half of the nineteenth century forced the Mormon Church for the first time in its existence to publicly announce their feeling towards the African race. ...

• Word Count: 3075
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The Christian attachment to Gothic emerged from its connection to Gothic and Gothic Revivalist architecture, though from the nineteenth century the Romantics gave an appraisal of Christianity that differed from its previous depiction. As Minghui said, '...Gothic authors themselves questioned the relevance of religion, foregrounded issues on scientific antitheism by presenting Christianity in a dubious light, present, but altogether powerless...'2 A late Romantic example of this exists in the Gothic novel Melmoth the Wanderer (1820) by Charles Maturin, a narrative that suggested an ar...

• Word Count: 4055
• Approx Pages: 16
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

British Imperialism And the Boer War European politics in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries endured controversy and problem over the ideas of imperialism and nationalism. ... In the early nineteenth century in an attempt to protect imperial interest in the East, England extended her control of southern Africa. ... By the end of the century, Southern Africa had become, for the first time, a significant contributor to the world economy. ... During the eighteenth century, largely in response to the Dutch East India Company's strict regulation on their lives, many settler...

• Word Count: 3503
• Approx Pages: 14
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate