Christopher Read puts forward the view that Lenin, although important, was not necessary for the revolution; "Being the focus of a movement is not the same as being its main creator. Even if the focus had not been there, the movement would have continued to exist"[2]. ... The main threat to Lenin's new empire came in the form of the white movement, a movement from within, a movement from abroad, but in all cases a civil war. ... As a result it is nearly impossible to not see Stalin as a defining leader of Russia. ...

• Word Count: 1841
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The reform movement that ended communism in East Central Europe began in Poland. Solidarity, an anti-Communist trade union and social movement, had forced Poland's Communist government to recognize it in 1980 through a wave of strikes that gained international attention. ... The movement simply went underground, and the rebellious Poles organized their own civil society, separate from the Communist government and its edicts. ... Instead, he encouraged the local Communist leaders to seek new ways of gaining popular support for their rule. ... It underwent an inflation of terms, as t...

• Word Count: 2359
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

In the Holocaust there were three types of Jewish resistance: the resistance and uprising in the ghettos, revolts in death camps, and Jewish participation in the partisan movement. In many ghettos, the Judenrat leaders taught that survival lay in submission, and the general population accepted that ideology. ... While considering the Nazi intentions, Abba Kovner, a poet and leader of the Zionist movement Hashomer Hatzair, wrote, "Is there a way out? ...

• Word Count: 1262
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Stalin's "collectivization" scheme implicated both; solutions to population movement and, an answer to food distribution problems. ... To encourage rural movement into urban areas higher taxes were placed on food produced outside collectives in the hope that peasants who didn't join collectives would move into urban industrial employment. ... In 1934 Stalin, in an effort to consolidate his power and prevent his possible elimination as leader took on a series of purges. ... This was achieved by a leader who ruled ruthlessly with only an eye for Russian rapid industrial advance. ...

• Word Count: 1086
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Authors of radio programs pointed out that the leaders of these countries had been put in power by Stalin, and behaviors, existing there, were not so different from those that had been established in the USSR under Stalin. ... Khrushchev's speech undermined the political positions of many leaders of the communist parties in the world. ... The mixed reaction of the international communist movement, disorders in the socialist countries of Europe, the events in Georgia, a secondary failure of returning Yugoslavia in the socialist camp during Tito's visit to the USSR in June 1956, le...

• Word Count: 846
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Forty years of Japanese rulings in South Korea resulted in major difficulties in finding a leader. ... Unfortunately, the lack of troop support from the Americans and lack of morale and leadership from the Nationalist leaders resulted in the Nationalists to lose countless battles against the Communists during their civil war (Ferrell 113). ...

• Word Count: 2478
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

This outraged the dominant Muslim population of Afghanistan and led to mass arrests of Muslim leaders [Chr08]. ... The missiles were key to the victory of the Mujahedeen because it gave them ability to shoot down Soviet helicopters, and transport planes, giving them more freedom of movement and putting an almost dead stop to soviet supplies. ...

• Word Count: 946
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The Bolsheviks, which had been formed due to a split of the Social Democratic Labor party in 1903, found new popularity, mainly due to its leader, Vladimir Lenin. ... He became the leader the party needed, and set about gaining support for his ideas from peasants and factory workers abroad. ... In an attempt to gain momentum for Lenin's movement, Trotsky convinced Lenin to name the revolution in favor of the soviets. ...

• Word Count: 975
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

These new leaders preached communism which changed the societal culture throughout Russia; however, many Russian peasants were hesitant toward the new government ideas and policies. ... As the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin was one of the leaders of this new party and was viewed by many as a tyrant who would significantly influence future Russian political parties. Vertov had to please the leaders in government, especially Joseph Stalin; otherwise he would have been banned from making more films. ... Along the Montage movement, Vertov took shots of ...

• Word Count: 2028
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

In December 1988 Mikhail Gorbachev, leader of the Soviet Union at the time, announced the Sinatra Doctrine which stated that the Braznev Doctrine would be abandoned and that the Eastern European countries could do what the liked. ...

• Word Count: 2078
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

While possessing the aura of a great leader during the 1970's, Mao's character has, to some extent, been reinterpreted that he is now depicted as a decadent mass murderer. ... The Soviet Union polemically attacked it as "politically and ideologically bankrupt" as early as 1967 , several historians offered more cautious criticisms of the movement, and many later works, such as those of Maoist groups, remain supportive today. ...

• Word Count: 4647
• Approx Pages: 19
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The continent had seen the leaders of Germany, in the span of less than thirty years, twice embark on a conquest that brought the world into war. ... They pointed to evidence of the Soviets objective to support and set up governments in Eastern European countries that reflected not only their communist views, but also the Soviet way of running those governments through a " return to doctrinal belligerence by Russian leaders. ... The interpretations that came from this newer movement were an amalgamation of both Orthodoxy and Revisionism, called Post-Revisionism. ...

• Word Count: 1800
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

"The annihilation of Germany was not an English interest, but primarily a Jewish one, just as today a destruction of Japan serves[]the interests of the leaders of the projected Jewish world empire" (Hitler 638). ... He states that the "Social Democracy press was directed predominantly by Jews" (Hitler 61), that "When [he] recognized the Jew as the leader of the Social Democracy, the scales dropped from [his] eyes" (Hitler 60). ... This constant identification of Socialism with Jews, who had already been condemned both by him and by others and were continuing to be condemned in Mein Kampf, Hi...

• Word Count: 2487
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

This changed the Soviet Union; it became a political movement of the communist Party in 1986. ... Although both men were equally creative, innovative and powerful only Xiaoping became one of the greatest peaceful transformation leaders in human history....

• Word Count: 984
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

"Meredith attempted to register four times without success" (Civil Rights Movement). ... "Long telephone conversations between the president, the attorney general, and Governor Ross Barnett failed to produce a solution" (Civil Rights Movement). ...

• Word Count: 2157
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The Soviet Union outlawed the Armenian Revolutionary Federation in 1923, outlawing all parties and persecuting leaders of the church. ... The Armenian Revolutionary Federation was outlawed until 1998 by the Pan-Armenian National Movement party, which held power from independence until 1999. ...

• Word Count: 1451
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Joseph Stalin was the soviet communist leader who's passing molded an era, and whose iron rule determined the lives of millions of people. ... Until the last years of the czarist Russia, Stalin was more an up-and -coming follower than a leader. ...

• Word Count: 7507
• Approx Pages: 30
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

With the resignation of President Yanukoych, separatist leaders rose to the leadership of Ukraine. ... President Vladimir Putin defended this movement of troops as a way to protect Russian-speaking people who resided in Ukraine against the growing opposition to the former Ukrainian President and the rise of anti-Russian involvement in state affairs. ...

• Word Count: 3290
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONARY AVANT-GARDE The avant-garde way of life prospered in Russia directly following the Revolution of 1917, generating one of the most awe-inspiring art movements of the twentieth century. Assembling an entirely new government, the Bolsheviks gave free reign to the Russian avan...

• Word Count: 4641
• Approx Pages: 19
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Today, many people are informed about nationalism. It becomes an actual political topic for debates nowadays. But, few people got down to the core of nationalism, how it aroused and developed. Some scholars think that nationalism emerged when the first people appeared in the World. The others believe that Nationalism is a form of extreme patriotism and suggest some ways how to avoid it or consider it as a form of Zionism. ...

• Word Count: 2599
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate