Morality is based off of following natural law, which is a fundamental duty in Locke's society. ... The basis of morality in natural law and duty. ... An advantage to Locke's position is the preservation of objective morality. ... In Locke's society moral law must come first because it is tied to the natural law. ... Locke states how morality is a fundamental duty that each citizen has to abide by because of natural law, so if that happens in his society there would not be a problem like the previous one stated. ...

• Word Count: 1819
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

How can morality and particular subjective individuality ever solve this dilemma? ... This point can be better understood through the relationship and process of an individual and laws. A law that the subjective will gives to itself in morality has no form until it is taken in and will by the subjective will; "the law is no agent, it is only the actual human being who acts- (p100 140). Hegel means that the law cannot exist for itself and has no meaning or worth until someone takes it in and acts upon that law. ... Even the laws in civil society remain implicit as long as the people rem...

• Word Count: 1805
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Machiavelli believes that morality has its place among regular men, however since a prince is not a regular man he must ascribe to a sort of princely morality. The ultimate goal of princely morality is not justice, or simply being a "good person", it is the effective governing of the state. ... To Machiavelli this means that the prince should work within the laws, and within traditional conceptions of morality whenever possible, however to be a truly effective ruler the prince must be prepared to step outside these boundaries when necessary in both his moral life and political conduct. .....

• Word Count: 1733
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

It saw the state's purpose as to execute God's moral laws, to protect God's faith, and to further of God's truth. God had given a revealed law through scripture and enjoined his creatures to live the lives of virtue and morality. ... In his view, the liberal state led to the changes in the ideas about the laws. For Locke and the American founders, providing laws was the best way to protect the civil rights. In Locke's opinion, "laws provide simply that the goods and health of subjects be not injured by the fraud and the violence of others....

• Word Count: 924
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Given this absolute freedom, Hobbes believed that until the state of war was brought to an end, and a civil society formed with a sovereign power, there would be no such thing as justice or morality: "In Such a Warre, Nothing Is Unjust to this warre of every man against every man, this also is consequent; that nothing can be Unjust. ... Where there is no common Power, there is no Law: where no Law, no Injustice. ... The first law of nature addresses the fear that causes natural man to seek peace in order to escape the state of nature. The conclusion drawn by Hobbes in the first law of natu...

• Word Count: 4512
• Approx Pages: 18
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

He starts by saying that political realism believes that politics, like society in general, is governed by objective laws that have their roots in human nature. In order to improve society it is first necessary to understand the laws by which society lives. The operation of these laws being impervious to our preferences, men will challenge them only at the risk of failure. He further stated that realism, believing as it does in the objectivity of the laws of politics, must also believe in the possibility of developing a rational theory that reflects, however imperfectly and one-sidedly, these ...

• Word Count: 4234
• Approx Pages: 17
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Only in a fair trade, of freedom for promotion of the general will, is man able to use reason and, thus, apply morality to his/her actions. ... This may be seen in his treatment of law as a whole, in which he defines laws as "acts of the general will," and, agreeing with Montesquieu in making law the "condition of civil association," goes beyond him only in tracing it more definitely to its origin in an act of will (Book II: VI). The Social Contract renders law necessary, and at the same time makes it quite clear that laws can proceed only from the body of citizens who have constituted the Sta...

• Word Count: 7115
• Approx Pages: 28
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Only in a fair trade, of freedom for promotion of the general will, is man able to use reason and, thus, apply morality to his/her actions. ... This may be seen in his treatment of law as a whole, in which he defines laws as "acts of the general will," and, agreeing with Montesquieu in making law the "condition of civil association," goes beyond him only in tracing it more definitely to its origin in an act of will (Book II: VI). The Social Contract renders law necessary, and at the same time makes it quite clear that laws can proceed only from the body of citizens who have constituted the Sta...

• Word Count: 7114
• Approx Pages: 28
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Socrates believes that any person who would disobey these laws creates a deliberate attempt to weaken the laws, as well as the society that imposed them. ... For example, the Declaration of Conscience of 1950 broke the draft law by encouraging others to refuse to serve for the Vietnam War. ... The purpose of civil disobedience, in other words, is to call attention to an unjust law, and crusade until it could be amended. ... Although it had violated the draft law, the Declaration of Conscience was necessary to those who opposed the war. ... An act of civil disobedience must also be motivate...

• Word Count: 1527
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

They are theories that investigate the creation of social hierarchy, differing primarily on the morality of "natural" man; while Rousseau considers the primitive man amoral, Hobbes described him as innately greedy and evil. ... Furthermore, Rousseau acknowledges that "the origin of society and of laws, which gave new fetters to the weak man and new forces to the rich man, irreversibly destroyed natural freedom, forever established the law of property and of inequality, made an irrevocable right out of a clever usurpation, and henceforth subjected the entire human race to labor,...

• Word Count: 821
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Juridically protected, it was considered necessary to preserve Roman morality. ... While Shakespeare believed familial institutions best provided such a condition and Hooker looked to the use of positive law, both men resisted the radical transformation of society through religious zealotry. ... The first relates to the "estrangement- of people under the impersonal rule of the state; the second rejects the idea of the rule of law in the belief that a repudiation of such formalism ends the estrangement of individuals from one another. ... For the Founders, the maintenance of liberty required t...

• Word Count: 2975
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

He focuses less on morality and more on the rationality for states to gain the most power when standing against other nations. ... Morgenthau states that human nature "has not changed since the classical philosophies of China, India, and Greece endeavored to discover these laws" (AJ 2013, 15). ... With this in mind, the "law of citizenship" has the ability to spread throughout states and hopefully create good connections and communication opportunities for neighboring nations. ... Realist, Morgenthau focuses on objective laws from the roots of human nature. ...

• Word Count: 1198
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Providing them with a sense of their own freedom, even while under laws and constraints, gives them a natural need that they were born with. ... He believes that morality and consciousness are what life should be based around. ... Laws and regulations are needed, espe1cially in a society that we live in today, but they shouldn't block us off entirely from our natural freedom. ...

• Word Count: 1058
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

It seems that Rousseau is suggesting humans have physical freedom but lack morality and rationality during this state. ... In the state of nature, natural law governs behavior. ... According to Locke this Law of Reason restrains men from infringing on the rights of others. ... People then exchange some of their natural rights to enter into society with other people, and be protected by common laws and an enforcement agency. ... Locke's belief in the value of human nature and its ability to act independently in compliance with natural law contributed more to his views regarding freedom. ...

• Word Count: 2158
• Approx Pages: 9
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Egypt, though subordinated to the Christian and biblical traditions on issues of religion and morality, was clearly placed as the source of all 'Gentile' or secular wisdom. ... Ma'at is also viewed in philosophy, perfection of knowledge, morality of truth and justice and the metaphysical. ...

• Word Count: 1943
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Therefore, you can't just go and kill someone, because you have the morality to preserve your fellowman live unless it is your life at stake, then you are entitled to preserve yourself. ... Differently, Locke sees that the social contract is formed to improve and create order for defending the natural rights, even because in the state of nature is not sufficient power (no precise laws written) to protect people and natural rights. ... Locke's position will be based on the fact that the state of nature is not a state of "all against all", but a state of liberty and equality, and whe...

• Word Count: 1676
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Machiavelli adopts a more practical perspective not on the moral capability of men, but on the role morality will actually play in daily life. ... Although Aristotle recognizes that political societies and statesmen may face threats from foreign and domestic forces, his political societies are founded on a group of citizen's mutual understanding of justice, therefore while others may impose a threat to political life, the foundation of government resides in the laws and the public conception of justice. ... He tells us that the founders of society are armed prophets that enforce law and o...

• Word Count: 1841
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

In spite of the fact, Machiavelli is greatly influenced by the Greek and Latin classics, and by the bible, he takes a critical stance in dealing with the idea of morality. ... Machiavelli thus recognizes that an ordered republic that can insure political and civil liberty must be founded on the rule of law. ... Like the jurists, he sees the generality and the impartiality of the law as the basis of civil life. ... The law is therefore necessary, and once it is in place, it must be obeyed without allowing for privileges or discriminations. ... "This violation of legality would have cause...

• Word Count: 4508
• Approx Pages: 18
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The need for laws and a strong military force to enforce those laws is considered by Machiavelli as one of the most important concern for any ruler that has any hopes of maintaining control over their territory. ... The choice of using law to encourage proper conduct and rational thinking; and force to intimidate and frighten. ...

• Word Count: 3155
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate