1. Why is Spinoza such a controversial figure in the history of
The laws of nature were equated with the laws of God in Enlightenment thinking. ... It is not a matter of law or ritual, and Judaism usually allows some freedom on metaphysical matters. ... Another group held to the orthodox position that only observant Jews who upheld the law would be so rewarded. ... Also, there was the common view that belief in an immortal soul that would be punished for sin and rewarded for virtue was a vital support for morality. If the Jews were soft on the immortality of the soul, then they may be considered to be soft on morality. ...
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- Grade Level: Undergraduate