This article describes the history, theories and research of bilingual education practice and describes the most common program types currently utilized in K-12 public education. ... Some bilingual programs are designed to develop full bilingualism, or the ability to use two languages proficiently; others use the native language to facilitate the acquisition of English. ... Keywords Bilingualism; Developmental Bilingual Education; Dual Language Immersion; English Language Learners; English Only; Linguistically Different Learners; Transitional Bilingual Education; Heritage Language; Sheltered C...

• Word Count: 1190
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Phonics and Whole Language Instruction Abstract Two primary styles of elementary school reading programs, Phonics and Whole Language, are examined. ... An evaluation of data, found within numerous articles and two books concentrating on the issue of phonics versus whole language instruction, indicates that providing instruction in both whole language and phonics is the most effective way to teach elementary school students to read. ... Phonics and Whole Language Instruction Bettelheim and Zelan are not alone in their belief. ... There is also a problem ass...

• Word Count: 3094
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

One theory that explains the rapid expansion and contests the original model is the coastal-entry theory. ... She even indicates that the Clovis people may have come from the south instead of Siberia and that another group of immigrants with distinct language characteristics came across the Bering straight after the Ice Age glaciers receded (Boyle: 2000). ... Joseph Greenburg of Stanford University, whose book 5 Language in Americas, which grouped pre-Columbian languages into three families, found that his proposal agreed with biologists Christie G. ... STRONGEST...

• Word Count: 1626
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Huntington Theory & Disagreement Huntington's "Clash of Civilizations" is a theory based upon geographic locations and political movements. ... As a predictable outcome, the world is indeed experiencing a tremendous clash of civilizations, thus my agreement with Huntington's theory. ... These are not absolutely exclusive of each other, and there are various degrees of similarity between them, what does differentiate them from each other are their languages and histories, traditions and cultures, but "most important, religion" (Huntington, 1993). ... Although Fox did not e...

• Word Count: 1840
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

She dressed in the traditional Ghana cloth and she learned the language so that she could enrich her cultural experience. ... When considering the crossing of cultures, there are primarily two theories. One theory is the melting pot theory. ... The other theory is the salad bowl theory. ... For anyone desiring a positive cross-cultural encounter, all they have to do is focus on developing the ethnic stew theory. ...

• Word Count: 742
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Sigmund Freud developed a theory of human behavior based on largely on case studies of his patients. Freud's theory, psychoanalysis, maintains that human mental life is like an iceberg. ... The most notable of Freud's famous students are Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, and Karen Horney, who broke away from their mentor and developed their own theories of personality. ... Humanists also rejected Freud's theory that people are determined and driven from within, acting and marching to the dark drums of unconscious. Cognitive psychology is a specialty that focuses on mental processe...

• Word Count: 775
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Axtell explains that in recent years a new theory of the evolution of scalping has become quite popular. This theory holds that white Europeans, not Native Americans, first introduced scalping in the New World. This article does a superb job of implementing various kinds of evidence in debating which of these two theories is most likely true, and shifting through different perspectives to make his arguement. ... By contrary, Indian languages contained specific words "referring to the scalp, the act of scalping, and the victim of scalping." ...

• Word Count: 701
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

These actions by the United States reinforce the colonialism theories and the four components of the colonization complex toward indigenous people in the United States. ... Were the beginnings of the Indian colonization theory. ... The most famous of these was the Carlisle Indian Training School in Pennsylvania, which forbade the use of native languages and religious practices. ... The caste theories I believe have played a critical role in the Government opposition to the establishment of the facilities for several reasons. ... The colonization of Native Americans progressed through four stag...

• Word Count: 1339
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

These trends seem to be the result of changes in the students population rather than teachers' profissional characteristics (patient, good listener to students, well-qualified and have good command of four language skills, etc), that are required in the classroom culture. ... Analysis of the interview data shows that the teacher articulated a cohesive, coherent practical theory. ... Assumptions A well-constructed textbook should present not only language content that is communicable and interactive to the student, but also form a framework from which adequate teacher improvisation and t...

• Word Count: 1475
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Today, a college education has become increasingly important. Those who further their education after high school are more likely to be successful, for example, make a higher salary and attain greater career advancement. A college education has become the minimum requirement for a great deal of jobs...

• Word Count: 576
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Mercantilism, the theory and system of political economy prevailing in Europe after the decline of feudalism, based on national policies of accumulating bullion, establishing colonies and a merchant marine, and developing industry and mining to attain a favorable balance of trade, as defined by The American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language, was supposed to be a way for Britain to make itself more powerful and prevalent, but instead benefited the colonies more than it did the Royal Crown. ...

• Word Count: 498
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

In theory, yes, requiring illegal immigrants to test and be insured under the state's laws will develop safer roads. Although, the tests granting a driver's license may be administered in their native language, will allow them to drive in an English-speaking world. Traffic signs are all in English, most police officers only speak English, and lastly, if an accident were to occur, approximately 75% of Americans cannot hold a conversation in any language other than English (About). ... If roles were reversed, the country of Mexico, will not give driver's licenses to illegal immigr...

• Word Count: 1285
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Cross-Cultural Marketing Theories of globalisation and standardisation of marketing practises are widespread. ... These include language, religion, social norms and values, education and living style. ... Promotion, for instance, is strongly influenced by the language. ... One particular reoccurring barrier to gathering reliable data is that of languages. ... The results of such work can provide the input for future theory development. ...

• Word Count: 2515
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Nigeria This research study is on Nigeria. In this paper I intend to do at least three things: 1) discuss the political and economic characteristics of Nigeria and compare them to the characteristics of another second tier country as classified by Snow and Brown, 2) present evidence that helps ...

• Word Count: 2427
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

In theory, when there is a free movement "of factors of production, then people will move where the same job pays more, and eventually, everywhere the same job will pay the same. ... Through globalization people from opposite sides of the world can divulge into a culture's lifestyle, language, music etc. ... Sociologically the world has seen the most amount information traveling at the fastest speed than ever before, allowing for people to expand their knowledge of various cultures, languages, food from anywhere in the world. ...

• Word Count: 1325
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Race is a socially constructed category of people who share biologically transmitted traits, language and religion. ... African americans is still exposed to racial disorders in U.S according to their color, language and religion. ... Social power theory suggests that people tend to use authority to control others of different race, gender, class, etc. ...

• Word Count: 994
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The premise of this theory of thought revolves around the concept that the acts of individuals who are deranged as a direct result of being psychotically mentally ill should not be judged in the same manner as the criminal offenses of rational people (Miller et al., 2006). ... The Supreme Court argued that the insanity defense has historically demonstrated substantial diversity in regards to the language and procedures required for determining insanity, insofar as insanity is currently determined by a variety of differing manners across state and federal jurisdictions. ... Whether the Mutt Ru...

• Word Count: 1113
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

This is a theory that is still under debate, being that the archeological remains of other settlers such as Leif Erickson and the Vikings have been found and have been dated to be older than the Native American's artifacts. ... These distinct nations and tribes, developed distinct cultures, languages and attributes, most likely depending on what part of the continent they settled on. ... What if the Japanese Americans, or Mexico Americans requested for schools and colleges that teach their own language and culture, specifically to children of Japanese or Mexican Origin inside the USA with...

• Word Count: 2180
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

"Informed program-based advocacy implies that professional work within current knowledge of child development, critical theory, and cultural relevance to promote family-friendly policies and evidence-based practice through their communities" (Fowler, Hulett, & Kieff, 2009, p. 418). ...

• Word Count: 2753
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

"Informed program-based advocacy implies that professional work within current knowledge of child development, critical theory, and cultural relevance to promote family-friendly policies and evidence-based practice through their communities" (Fowler, Hulett, & Kieff, 2009, p. 418). ...

• Word Count: 2753
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

If black and white children spoke relatively different languages, as some aspects on English claim, on might expect black and white children with vocabularies of equal size to know somewhat different words. ... The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test - Revised (PPVT-R) was designed as a measure of receptive language and has replaced the original Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) published in 1959. ...

• Word Count: 2753
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Land eventually move away from nation-state, cultures, and tribalism defined by historical borders, language, and religion towards a more global culture that is necessary for human civilization to move to even greater and bigger endeavors. ... However, Doner, Ritchie and Slater's theory states that a "systematic vulnerability" (that developing countries may have) results in impressive capacities of development (Doner, Ritchie, Slater, 2005). ... First, globalization removes borders drawn by history, ethnicity, religion and language when different people with different cultures m...

• Word Count: 3315
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Have you ever wondered what your IQ really measures? "IQ" stands for "intelligence quotient." A person's IQ is supposed to be a measure of that person's intelligence: the higher the IQ number, the greater the intelligence. This is inaccurate, however, since it assumes that there is only one kind ...

• Word Count: 2269
• Approx Pages: 9
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Much of the Court Challenges Program has heard hearings based on language rights and education rights, both receiving an adequate amount of financial support because of the Government's prioritization of linguistic rights over other minority groups' rights. ... Groups whom participate in this litigation often find themselves at face with the political disadvantage theory. The political disadvantage theory holds that the courtroom is the only governmental and political institution which provides access to disadvantaged or minority groups to proceed with litigation. This theory also sh...

• Word Count: 2314
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. " The language of that section seemingly incorporates the Bill of Rights as a whole to the states, however at the time it was written many people argued against that. ... This conclusion is as much based in a lack of strong evidence in any other reason as any proof pointing towards this theory. ...

• Word Count: 2594
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate