Introduction Human Immunodeficiency Virus, more commonly known as HIV, is an RNA virus that converts RNA to DNA, making it a retrovirus. Retroviruses use single-stranded RNA as a template to make double-stranded DNA using a viral enzyme. HIV contains a protein that is called "reverse transcriptase" which is crucial for viral replication inside of T-cells. ... The reverse transcriptase enzyme then copies the viral genomic RNA into DNA. Next, the DNA copy of the viral genome is readily transported to the nucleus and subsequently integrated into the host cell genomic DNA by the integrase enzyme...

• Word Count: 1861
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Introduction There are a great amount of living things across the Earth with one common theme, that is that they are all made up of cells. ... DNA carries the instructions for cell division and also controls cell growth. ... However prokaryotic cells such as bacteria are smaller and much more simply structured (Fig 3) They lack a nucleus and therefore have no chromosomal DNA, instead their genetic information is stored in plasmids, a double strand of DNA which is capable of replication independently. ... They do this by prevention of DNA being replicated, breaking down the cell wall or prevent...

• Word Count: 1603
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Oswald Avery discovered and demonstrated in 1944 that deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was able to transfer one strand of bacteria into another. This is what focused the attention on the role of chemical carrier of genetic information by the DNA. This led to the discovery of the "double helix" nature of DNA and it's mechanism of replication. ... There are many risks and benefits with the introduction of new technology and genetic manipulation is no different. ... DNA techniques allow more controlled means of carrying out genetic manipulation. ...

• Word Count: 1313
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Introduction The £]-Globin Gene is one of two genes that make up a multigene family. Members of a multigene family not only share DNA-sequence homology, but also have gene products that are functionally associated (Klug and Cummings, 566). ... The DNA sequence associated with each of the HSs contains numerous binding sites for erythroid-specific and ubiquitous transcription factors (Bulger and Groudine, 1999). ... Globin gene expression along with chromatin structure and timing of replication across the entire locus is significantly affected when the LCR is deleted (Iler et. al, ...

• Word Count: 1387
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Introduction The key to human success has been in our ability to convey our thoughts and ideas through language. ... Also, these four mutations in these genes are the only ones to have been replicated in multiple experiments. ... This mutation has also been replicated in many studies since then (although it has also not been found in other papers). ... Using DNA pooling and genetic fine-mapping, two more genes, both on chromosome 6, were discovered to be linked with DD (DCDC2 and KIAA0319). ...

• Word Count: 2290
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate