Middle colony farmers much preferred white labor to black, voluntary indentures to convicts, and free wage labor to any of the above; yet it was neither race nor class aversion that led to the firm establishment of the nuclear family as the basic pattern of domestic life in this region by the second half of the century.11 Many middle colony farmers preferred hired labor to slave labor because they felt that they would receive higher quality work if they paid for it, rather than forcing someone to do work that they did not want to do. ... The combination of the nuclear family and the idea...

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• Grade Level: Undergraduate