It was originally intended to apply only to the federal government, while the individual states would have their own sets of laws that they would follow. However over time, the Constitution began to apply to the states as well as the federal government. ... The case made it to the Supreme Court, who ruled that the Fifth Amendment only applied to the federal government, and not the states. This case struck an early blow against the incorporation of the Bill of Rights to the states, as it set the precedent that states would not be held to it in the same way that the federal government would. .....

• Word Count: 2594
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

United States federal courts began to recognize a link between sexual harassment and job discrimination in 1976. ... Title IX of the federal Education Amendments of 1972 bans gender discrimination "and therefore sexual harassment "in any educational program funded by the federal government. ... Federal and provincial laws prohibit sex discrimination throughout Canada. ...

• Word Count: 309
• Approx Pages: 1
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

United States of America is a federal republic with a division of powers (legislative, executive and judiciary) between the federal authorities and the state authorities. ... Within the framework of litigation, the Supreme Court marks the boundaries of authority between state and nation, state and state, and government and citizen.... It was also a violation of the separation of powers, as the judiciary was dependent on legislative branch of government. ... In comparison with state court judges, federal court judges earn more money and experienced great job security (probably the best among al...

• Word Count: 1173
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Facing a crisis, the federal government vainly attempted to achieve a balance between the regions. ... Two opposing governments and settlers" feuds over land claims escalated into violence. ... Douglas admitted that if the public opinion did not support the federal government, then the will of the people would eventually reign. ... Thus, the south in a sense became isolated, set in sharp opposition to the federal government and all of the other regions of the country. ... The government was not fulfilling its obligations to protect the interests of its people; thus, the people must usurp the a...

• Word Count: 1316
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Facing a crisis, the federal government vainly attempted to achieve a balance between the regions. ... Two opposing governments and settlers" feuds over land claims escalated into violence. ... Douglas admitted that if the public opinion did not support the federal government, then the will of the people would eventually reign. ... Thus, the south in a sense became isolated, set in sharp opposition to the federal government and all of the other regions of the country. ... The government was not fulfilling its obligations to protect the interests of its people; thus, the people must usurp the a...

• Word Count: 1330
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Facing a crisis, the federal government vainly attempted to achieve a balance between the regions. ... Two opposing governments and settlers" feuds over land claims escalated into violence. ... Douglas admitted that if the public opinion did not support the federal government, then the will of the people would eventually reign. ... Thus, the south in a sense became isolated, set in sharp opposition to the federal government and all of the other regions of the country. ... The government was not fulfilling its obligations to protect the interests of its people; thus, the people must usurp the a...

• Word Count: 1330
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Upon ratification of the United States Constitution, in 1789, this agreed upon a form of government put into effect, and has operated as the government of the United States ever since. ... The law that forced all federal officers was extended to all state officials securing their effect on the election of the president. ... He supports a federal courts authority to overrule state laws that contravene the Constitution. ... And most important in assuring domestic order and tranquility, federal courts should have jurisdiction in all conflicts between the states, such as in boundary dispu...

• Word Count: 1599
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The states could not tax the federal government because it went against the constitution. ... In the same year, the case between Dartmouth College and Woodward also contributed to the strengthening of the federal government and economy. ... Another court case that helped with improving the strength of the federal government was the case Gibbons vs Ogden. ... Also the state government created and enforced laws disagreeing with federal laws. ... The decision of the court strengthened the role of the government and laid the foundation of the nation's economy because it gave the federal gove...

• Word Count: 896
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

And since, the affirmative action programs focused on minority groups that were determined by the federal government such as: Asian or Pacific Islander-Persons having origins in any of the original people of the far East, Southeast Asia, the Indian Subcontinent, or the Pacific Islands. ... The government recognized that educational opportunities to be as significant as those relating to employment. ... Also within the same timeframe, President Jimmy Carter created the Office of Federal Contract Compliance Program (OFCCP) to ensure compliance with the affirmative action policies. Over t...

• Word Count: 1414
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

However, before condemning the constitution for handicapping big government solutions, two points should be considered. ... The division of national government into three specific camps with very little overlap, as well as the federal structure delegating power to the states means that political action requires the support, or at least the consent of a number of political institutions, and therefore a clear majority of the electorate. ... As the scope of government has grown so have expectations. ... The main tool for reducing disparities of wealth is progressive taxation, yet the federal g...

• Word Count: 1663
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

An additional essential characteristic which legitimates government is that every vote must count equally: one vote for every person. ... The U.S. government may be considered legitimate in some aspects, and illegitimate in others. ... One of the key legitimating factors of government is a connection between what it does and what the public wants. Furthermore, most of what the federal government does never reaches the public. ... The legitimacy of the United States government is limited, but in a system of government which was designed with abundant loopholes, complete democracy is most likel...

• Word Count: 1183
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

In 1966 a large step was taken in the area of personal privacy when the Freedom of Information Act "gave citizens the right to ask a federal agency for any files it had about them" (Hoobler 51). ... To ensure that citizens were supplied with the information they requested from government agencies, the Privacy Act "set a limit on the time a federal agency had to respond to a request for files" (Hoobler 51). ... Most Americans are aware that the government holds records on them but few realize how many records the government has and exactly what information those records contain. ... Although...

• Word Count: 2150
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

This legislation, along with an executive order in 1965, helped blacks by forcing businesses receiving federal funds to stop using aptitude tests and other criteria that tended to discriminate against blacks ("affirmative action"). ... Starting with several cases in 1989, the Supreme Court has restricted affirmative action by: "[giving] greater weight to claims of reverse discrimination, outlawed the use of minority set-asides in cases where prior racial discrimination could not be proved, and placed stricter limits on states' use of racial preferences than it did on the federal governme...

• Word Count: 2072
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Currently, in America, it is very evident that corporations have a major influence on the government. ... One tactic they use to make their goals easy to attain is high pressure lobbying on the government. ... One of the many ways a government can get swayed towards a decision is by a lobby. The more influential the people of the lobby are to the government, the more likely the government would give in to the pressure. ... Business lobbies have worked strongly against the clean air and water legislation, the closing of federal wilderness areas to oil and gas exploration, workers rights and cor...

• Word Count: 628
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

At the time segregation of whites and blacks was legal, as part of the governments "separate but equal" stance. ... Its goal was to end discrimination against any employee by the government and its contractors. The order required every federal contractor to "Not discriminate against any employee or applicant for employment because of race, creed, color or national origin. ... While some companies use a quota to ensure diversity, and dodge local, state or government fines that is not the intent. ... It is the goal of the government to have companies evaluate its employees, and make goals for n...

• Word Count: 2301
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Both the government and the general public have been divided about the moral problems that are raised from this issue. ... In 1996, President Clinton cut national government funding to twenty legal resource centers that provided aid and provided council to poor defendants. Today, all the centers that had formerly received this federal funding have shut down ("Five"). ... A Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) study illustrated that states that have eliminated the death penalty have averaged lower murder rates than states that have not eradicated it ("Five"). ...

• Word Count: 858
• Approx Pages: 3
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

However, the issue of a listing of rights that could not be infringed upon by the new, stronger national government became a key in the ratification debates. ... Remembering their experience as British colonists, the Anti-Federalists feared that the stronger national government would abuse individual rights. ... The federal government realized in 1913 that in order for it to collect taxes effectively, and not have to share that tax money with the states, federal income tax was necessary. ... The advocates of Prohibition felt that alcoholism was a problem in America that couldn't be cure...

• Word Count: 2226
• Approx Pages: 9
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

This form of closed shop is now prohibited under federal labour statutes. ... Most escalator clauses use the national consumer price index (CPI) prepared by the federal government's Bureau of Labour Statistics. ...

• Word Count: 1763
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The founders of the United States government tried to protect our liberty by assuring a free press, to gather and publish information without being under control or power of another, in the First Amendment to the Constitution. ... Looking at all levels of American citizens, some of the people that want censorship are legislators on a local, state, and even federal level. ... The government at the state or federal level cannot interfere with this right. ... In these societies, the government censors views that are not in line with their policies, controlling controversial opinions on television...

• Word Count: 663
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Government was unable to ignore the issues any longer without a great penalty. Compassion to help the underprivileged also attributed to government making the first step to take action. ... This broadened the law to include any American agency or business that received federal assistance to abide by the same laws. Within months, Executive Order 11246 was implemented prohibiting discrimination for federal employment from race, creed, religion or national origin. ... This amendment was the guidance that American leaders needed to change the policies under which schools, business and ...

• Word Count: 1980
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

However, in 1873, the equality policies, implemented in the south by the federal government, were overturned and replaced with a system of legal segregation. ... On September 24th, 1965, President Johnson issued Executive Order 11246, this order requires government contractors to "take affirmative action" to expand job opportunities for minorities. ... Alongside the order, was the creation of the Office of Federal Compliance in the department of labor to enforce affirmative action. ... Executive Order 11246 is one of the most far-reaching federal programs for expanding equal opportunity. ......

• Word Count: 1839
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The Judiciary Act of 1793 had given the President the right to appoint federal judges and justices of the peace; there is no dispute that such an appointment was within the scope of the president's powers. ... Based on the type of government intended by the Constitution, the government is expected to protect individual liberty. As Marshall says, "[The government] will certainly cease to deserve [to be termed a government of laws, and not of men] if the laws furnish no remedy for the violation of a vested right." ... The Supreme Court is the only branch of government that could act to stre...

• Word Count: 1148
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

"Then, the Court established that the word "person" as used in the due process clause and in other provisions of the Constitution did not include the unborn, and therefore the unborn lacked federal constitutional protection " (Justia 1). ... Having an abortion should be legal without any sort of encumbrance upon the federal government, state governments, and the citizens because it should be up to one's personal discretion. ... Involving the government in this type of decision eliminates the privacy guaranteed to the people by the government. ... Now, there is a gratuitous debate going ...

• Word Count: 1391
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

A federal court ordered public schools to begin desegregation. ... Brown demonstrated the potential for using the federal court system as a weapon against discrimination and a means the full rights of citizenship. Activists could not always rely on federal help and many black communities had to help themselves first. ... Black lawyers arguing for civil rights in the south was a victory of sorts, the states became subordinate to the national government and legal changes come form the Supreme Court rather than state courts. ...

• Word Count: 936
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

A mentally ill inmate is not entitled to a full-blown hearing before the government may force him or her to take anti-psychotic drugs against his or her will. ... In 1996, Congress passed the Prison Litigation Reform Act (PLRA), which has been seen by many critics as unfairly limiting inmate access to the federal court system. The PRLA contains five major provisions: Prisoners must exhaust internal prison grievance procedures before they file suit in federal court. ... Interestingly, no state or federal appeals court has forbidden male officers from supervising female inmates in the showers. ....

• Word Count: 2215
• Approx Pages: 9
• Grade Level: Undergraduate