Since the establishment of the federal government, a large number and wide variety of executive branch agencies have been created to establish their power bases relative to the legislative branch, judicial branch, and other parts of the executive branch of government. ... It combined 22 federal agencies with an initial budget of $37.5 billion and a work force of almost 170,000 federal employees. ... One benefit of power controls is maintaining a balance of powers in the government. ... Another benefit is increasing federal agencies" responsiveness. However, excessive controls of bureaucr...

• Word Count: 1188
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Tax on Cheese Justiciability Under Article II of the US Constitution, in order for a case to be justiciable in federal court, a matter must present actual case or controversy brought by a person who has standing (facing personal injury), ripeness (denial would result in immediate permanent harm) and not moot ( not already resolved with finality by other means). ... The Named Defendants Under the 11th amendment, an individual cannot sue a state in federal court. However, individuals can sue subdivisions of state (cities, counties, districts) in federal court. ... Here the action is in federal...

• Word Count: 320
• Approx Pages: 1
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Presidential candidates get part of their money from private donors and part from the federal government; congressional candidates get all of their money from private sources. ... The government will provide matching funds for all monies raised from individual donors who contribute no more than $250. ... The government also gives a lump-sum grant to each political party to help pay the costs of its nominating convention. In the general election the government pays all the costs of each candidate up to a limit set by law (which in 1996 that limit was $61.8 million for each major candidate an...

• Word Count: 748
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Between 1780-1789, there were issues about the federal government and the states under the Articles of Confederation. Two of these issues happened to be the foreign affairs between Britain and the United States, and the economy of the federal government. ... This meant Congress did not have enough money to run a government or pay its bills. ... Foreign countries refused to work commercial agreements with the federal government, since it was not able to enforce them. ... This meant that absolutely no central training or uniformed army could be operated by one certain government, but on the c...

• Word Count: 868
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Problems with taxes according to population numbers, the granting of one vote to each state, and the right of the federal government to dispose of public lands in the west were eventually resolved with several revisions to the original draft and the final document being adopted by Congress on November 15th, 1777. ... The government was not getting any respect and when it became apparent that the government was, in the words of George Washington, "little more than the shadow without the substance", the call came for a stronger federal government. This resulted in the Annapolis Convention of 1...

• Word Count: 2128
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Milkis also argues that the administration of Franklin Delano Roosevelt changed the constitutional balance that existed and supported by political parties since the time of Madison and Jackson after it created a federal government powerful and independent enough to run a welfare state. ... This philosophy was followed by Jackson's decision to strip away many powers of the federal government as exemplified by the dismantling of the Bank of the United States (26). ... This ardent defense was demonstrated in 1832 after South Carolina declared a new tariff law "null and void" and threatened t...

• Word Count: 1647
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Shay's Rebellion vividly illustrated the effects of a weak government. ... Two plans emerged for the structure of the new government: the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan. ... The constitution also neglected to define the relationship between state and federal government. ... Maryland, the courts under Marshall argued that the power granted to the federal government came from the people though the Constitution did not explicitly give Congress the power to create a bank, Congress could do so under the Necessary and Proper Clause of the Constitution. ... In his ruling Marshall hel...

• Word Count: 1390
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

A company that did discriminate could lose its federal contracts and even be barred from future government work.3 Kennedy's executive order was well intentioned, but it did not go very far toward eliminating job discrimination. ... Additionally, Executive Order 10925 only applied to companies with federal contracts, those companies outside of the federal arena were not mandated to comply. ... Executive Order 11246 is regarded as the originating document of federal affirmative action. It was aimed at the full realization of equal employment opportunity and required firms con...

• Word Count: 1046
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

It "gave the federal government responsibility for guaranteeing equal rights under the law to all Americans" (AP&P 460). In Section two of the amendment, it warned that if any state was denying voting rights to black men, the federal government would then reduce the congressional representation. ... The Fourteenth Amendment was monumental in aiding blacks and giving them equal rights, it also helped with the reconstruction of the government to the southern states. ... Section three of the amendment denied any federal office to those who had taken an oath before the war and then supported ...

• Word Count: 899
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The FECA set limits on spending, required disclosure of spending by candidates for federal office and also provided for public financing in Presidential campaigns. In 1974, Congress created the Federal Election Commission to enforce the act's provisions. ... To offset the loss of private financing money from the Federal Government was made available to candidates. ... The major goal of reform supporters is to lessen corruption in the government. ... The government, to encourage public support, should adopt a voter-centered approach rather than allowing large donations to control politic...

• Word Count: 2003
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Furthermore, they institutionalized systems of local government, and public education . ... The Confederation Government, under the Articles, lacked an executive and judicial branch. ... These farmers pleaded with their state governments for help, but in most cases states refused to interfere, in one case in particular, these angered mobs of farmers rebelled against the government. ... In article 1, section 8, they empowered congress to regulate trade among states, raise revenue through taxation, coin national money, discontinue state coining, and enforce federal laws and treaties . The Consti...

• Word Count: 1074
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

In one poll, conducted on January 3, 2001, respondents were asked if reducing the federal income tax should be a top priority. ... Taxes are, in a simplified explanation, a means by which the government takes a citizen's money to spend on public goods. ... Limited government beliefs are a third reason people favor tax cuts. The more money the government has to spend, the more power government will have over the people. ... By examining these three polls, it can be determined that people would favor a policy that reduces federal taxes. ...

• Word Count: 1025
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Among these laws was the Wilderness Act of 1964, which put aside certain federal lands from commercial economic development in order to preserve them in their natural state. The federal government also took interest in controlling the pollution. ... Because of the widespread of public support for environmental goals, the 1970s became a critical period for the passage of federal legislation. ... To enforce federal regulations, the Environment Protection Act (EPA) was also created in 1970 by President Nixon to set the limits on pollution, to support state and local governments in the cleanup of...

• Word Count: 646
• Approx Pages: 3
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Its purpose was to offset the effects of the Depression by establishing federal programs of recovery, relief, and reform, or the three R's, using government intervention and federal money. ... The central legacy of the New Deal was increased government involvement in the lives of the American people. Several government-funded programs were created in the early thirties to aid economic and social dilemmas. ... In 1933 the Federal Emergency Relief Administration was established and headed by Harry Hopkins. ... In 1935 the New Deal made further efforts to promote social welfare and exert f...

• Word Count: 1193
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

An additional essential characteristic which legitimates government is that every vote must count equally: one vote for every person. ... The U.S. government may be considered legitimate in some aspects, and illegitimate in others. ... One of the key legitimating factors of government is a connection between what it does and what the public wants. Furthermore, most of what the federal government does never reaches the public. ... The legitimacy of the United States government is limited, but in a system of government which was designed with abundant loopholes, complete democracy is most likel...

• Word Count: 1183
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The powers of the national government are enumerated and empowered in the United States Constitution. ... " Dual federalism divides the functions of government between the state and federal government entities. The States did not delegate the authority of intrastate commerce in the Constitution to the federal government. "The power of the States to regulate their purely internal affairs by such laws as seem wise to the local authority is inherent, and has never been surrendered to the general government.... The fact that "they were intended for interstate commerce transportatio...

• Word Count: 1100
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

In wake of the September 11 tragedy, the federal government has found the need for legislation enabling the expansion of current police powers. ... First, the Act grants a great deal of aid to victims and funding for federal and state agencies. ... The law also allows federal agencies to intercept oral, wire, or electronic communications relating to any form of computer fraud. ... Smith believes the government must do what is necessary to prevent and stamp out terrorism. ... Unfortunately, government agent...

• Word Count: 1697
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The American colonists had fought a bitter war in order to achieve their independence from an oppressive British government. Therefore, the Articles of Confederation were drafted in order to ensure that a strong central government would not be a problem. Problems Under the Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation created a very weak central government. ... In these essays, they argued that the powers of the national government distributed and balanced in a ways that would sustain limited government. They also argued that there were sufficient guarantees to ensure that the natio...

• Word Count: 681
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The bill was pushed through Congress by House majority leader Dick Armey, DOMA was passed by the Senate on September 10, 1996 by a vote of 85-14. the various states and federal government to decide whether same sex marriages should be recognized within their respective jurisdictions. The Defense of Marriage Act states that, no state need give effect to a marriage recognized by another state if the marriage involves two people of the same sex, allowing the various states and federal government to decide whether same sex marriages should be recognized within their respective jurisdictions. ...

• Word Count: 2230
• Approx Pages: 9
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

There was no federal army; instead the nation depended on the state militias for defense in the event of war. ... Eventually it became apparent that the Articles created an ineffective and unfair government. ... It set up three federal branches of government to help separate the power. The people feared a corrupted, too powerful government that would oppress this people. ... Thus, the Constitution was written in order to fix the problems of the Articles of Confederation and provide for a more effective, functional government. ...

• Word Count: 732
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

For so many years, blacks had been loyal the United States government and still received lesser rights than the white population. ... In 1871, Congress passed the Ku Klux Klan Acts, or Enforcement Acts, proscribing state governments from discriminating against voters based on their race. (Document H) The acts gave the federal government superiority over state courts and the power to try crimes of individuals in federal courts. ... Therefore, these new revolutionary regulations permitted the government to take action against any attempt to deny African Americans their right to suffrage. ... As ...

• Word Count: 656
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

He sought ways to build patriotism and to reshape the federal government to govern the nation more effectively. ... It also showed that America was powerful enough to compete without protection from the government. ... To fix this Wilson favored the establishment of a Federal Reserve Board with presidential appointed financial experts. ... Congress passed the Federal Reserve act basically in the form the President had recommended. Amendments also provided for exclusive governmental control of the Federal Reserve Board and for short-term agricultural credit through the reserve banks. ...

• Word Count: 2686
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

For the first few years of Constitutional government, under the leadership of George Washington, there was a unity, commonly called Federalism that even James Madison (the future architect of the Republican Party) acknowledged in describing the Republican form of government-- " And according to the degree of pleasure and pride we feel in being republicans, ought to be our zeal in cherishing the spirit and supporting the character of Federalists." ... Did the answer lie in their opposition with the agenda of Alexander Hamilton and the increases of power both to the executive branch as well as t...

• Word Count: 2353
• Approx Pages: 9
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

This maintains a government that works for the betterment of the people and not for themselves. Interest groups are not a new idea in modern day government. ... Pluralism plays a major role in today's governmental structure. ... PAC's came about when in 1971 Congress passed the Federal Elections Campaign Act. ... These groups maintain the core value of the democracy of a Government for the people....

• Word Count: 726
• Approx Pages: 3
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

They stated that if the public wants to elect that person than the democratic government has no right to deny their wish. ... But as the government grew in size, careerists were able to dominate American political life. ... So it is necessary for the term limit to become the federal law or amendment to the Constitution to return America to the pure democracy its Founding Father intended to create (Coyne 46). ... Both the federal government and local governments have grown substantially over the past years. ... But the only way to acquire experience is by participating in the government. ...

• Word Count: 1760
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate