This legislation, along with an executive order in 1965, helped blacks by forcing businesses receiving federal funds to stop using aptitude tests and other criteria that tended to discriminate against blacks ("affirmative action"). ... Starting with several cases in 1989, the Supreme Court has restricted affirmative action by: "[giving] greater weight to claims of reverse discrimination, outlawed the use of minority set-asides in cases where prior racial discrimination could not be proved, and placed stricter limits on states' use of racial preferences than it did on the federal governme...

• Word Count: 2072
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Ending Racial Profiling The federal government should end racial profiling by requiring policemen and other law enforcement officers to keep detailed records of each individual they stop to question or search. ... In such cases, courts have generally insisted on applying "strict scrutiny"-the most intense level of judicial review-to government actions. Under this tough standard, the use of race in governmental decisions making may be upheld only if it serves a compelling government objective and only if it is "narrowly tailored" to advance that objective (Kennedy 70-74). ... If the fede...

• Word Count: 1414
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Government was unable to ignore the issues any longer without a great penalty. Compassion to help the underprivileged also attributed to government making the first step to take action. ... This broadened the law to include any American agency or business that received federal assistance to abide by the same laws. Within months, Executive Order 11246 was implemented prohibiting discrimination for federal employment from race, creed, religion or national origin. ... This amendment was the guidance that American leaders needed to change the policies under which schools, business and ...

• Word Count: 1980
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

It ruled that the federal courts had authority over the segregation issue and that the integration of students should commence immediately. ... Some states did not admit the black students but the federal government intervened. ...

• Word Count: 372
• Approx Pages: 1
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

It ruled that the federal courts had authority over the segregation issue and that the integration of students should commence immediately. ... Some states did not admit the black students but the federal government intervened. ...

• Word Count: 373
• Approx Pages: 1
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

"Affirmative Action" which to him would encourage contractors who financed with federal funds to racially integrate their work forces. This executive order told federal contractors to " take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, and employees are treated during their employment, without regard to race creed color or natural origin" The current status of affirmative action whether it is good or not still remains undeclared. For instance, in 1996 California voters approved proposition 209 which was an initiative that would end affirmative action throughout the state in publ...

• Word Count: 483
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

This statement is correct for a number of reasons, first and foremost was the fact that the southerners (both black and white) were expecting some sort of federal aid, and the fact that it was close to the Christmas season only elevated the futile feelings of optimism. ... Rumors had been circulating between the union soldiers and the blacks that the government was going to give them land and "other necessities of economic independence"(p.8). Another factor that led the blacks to believing that a government solution was going to be implemented by Christmas was the fact that "Christmas had lon...

• Word Count: 607
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Phillip Randolph (the president of the brotherhood of sleeping car porters) organized and unified separate protests and directed to the national government. ... President Franklin Delano Roosevelt was prompted to have his aides draft an executive order to not only end segregation in the defense industry and the government, but mainly to have A. ... Executive Order #8802 states in part: "I do hereby affirm the policy of the United States that there should be no discrimination in the employment of workers in the defense industry of government because of race, creed, color or national origin."2...

• Word Count: 1502
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Phillip Randolph (the president of the brotherhood of sleeping car porters) organized and unified separate protests and directed to the national government. ... President Franklin Delano Roosevelt was prompted to have his aides draft an executive order to not only end segregation in the defense industry and the government, but mainly to have A. ... Executive Order #8802 states in part: "I do hereby affirm the policy of the United States that there should be no discrimination in the employment of workers in the defense industry of government because of race, creed, color or national origin."2...

• Word Count: 1502
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The Civil Rights campaigns and methods of protest were ideal at this time, because of post war disappointment as Americans were displeased with the governments decisions, therefore it was easier to oppose the governments actions, and accuse them of wrong doing, regarding both National and International relations. ... Martin Luther King's methods and policies were a great contribution to the success of civil rights campaigners, his policy of non-violent civil disobedience was a goal scorer for civil campaigners as this method pressured the state authorities and Federal Government to hear t...

• Word Count: 675
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The Progressives wanted a strong federal government as long as they would be able to control it. ... Overall, Kolko says "Progressivism was not the triumph of small business over the trusts, but the victory of big businesses in achieving the rationalization of the economy that only the federal government could provide....

• Word Count: 1026
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The 15th Amendment prohibits the government from rejecting any American citizen from participation in government activities regardless of his or her race. ... The non- violent protests eventually forced federal government to pass legislation against racial discrimination. ...

• Word Count: 910
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

After the passage of these amendments, two of the three branches of government disconnected themselves with the issue of black civil rights. ... In this bill, the Senate objected to the idea of Congress protecting African- American voters in the South through federal supervision of state elections. ... The Court prompted discrimination by implying that if blacks wanted legal protection, they would need to seek it from their state, not national, government. ... The Supreme Court had permitted the legal route for subordination of the Blacks to be opened; the new, now limited, amendments were n...

• Word Count: 1530
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

In several studies done by the government, individuals competed for the same job, apartment, or other goal. ... In government documents, "affirmative action" has been defined as "any effort taken to expand opportunity for women or racial, ethnic and national origin minorities by using membership in those groups that have been subject to discrimination as a consideration" (Affirmative Action Report). ... In fact, the selection of "unqualified candidates is not permitted under federal affirmative action guidelines and should not be equated with legal forms of affirmative action" (Plous). ...

• Word Count: 1479
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

This order required federal contractors to take "affirmative action" to increase the number of minorities that they employed. ... Our most powerful and sacred document that holds all the power in the government is colorblind. ... The US government has " more than ninety thousand organizations with contracts valued at $50,000 or more." ... In order to create a system that is fair the government needs to do additional research in improving its present situation. ... Herzberger, the debate is whether the government truly believes in their laws or if they are simply using it as campaign fuel. ...

• Word Count: 2152
• Approx Pages: 9
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Between 1955 and 1968 acts of nonviolent protest and civil disobedience produced crisis situations between government authorities and activists. All levels of government local through federal often had to respond to these crises immediately and were forced to face the inequalities faced by the black Americans. ... The Masons were a self-selecting brotherhood who undertook civic and political activities to improve local communities and influence both state and national governments. ...

• Word Count: 3545
• Approx Pages: 14
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

They have risen above centuries of oppression so that, today, after years of dealing with society's racist and sexist misconceptions, with its brutal hostilities and unthinkable mistreatment, not only are they supporting families, they"re leading corporations, major media organizations, the military, our state and federal governments. ...

• Word Count: 1267
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

On June 21, 1974, Federal Judge W. ... The National Welfare Rights Organization barely received support from black churches in their endeavor to ensure that all citizens would be guaranteed an income from the national government that would allow them to live under decent conditions if their income level became too low. ...

• Word Count: 1231
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

During the last half of the nineteenth-century the government formed strict laws to thwart the strong beliefs of polygamy until church leaders denounced the practice. ... Government officials, mainly the Republican Party, began to pass strict laws concerning anyone practicing plural marriage. ... Leaders often referred to passages Smith had written about a close descendant of Ham that established the first government of Egypt; He became a very wise and righteous ruler but because he was an ancestor of Cain he was "cursed pertaining to the Priesthood"10. Republican Government officials conti...

• Word Count: 3075
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The Declaration of Independence states, "All men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights". But how much of this is true? Since the very beginning of the legal system in the United States, there has been inequality. Appearance has held such precedence...

• Word Count: 3114
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Much of this improvement has been achieved through various court decisions, and other improvements have been made through federal and state legislatures. ... It also found that of all federal death row inmates, 67 percent are Black.11 Despite the fact that these statistics are startling and important, they are insufficient to justify race-based jury nullification at face value. ...

• Word Count: 3584
• Approx Pages: 14
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Sanders believes "blacks constituted an American underclass in all parts of the United States in 190013" whilst Chambers contrasts this, believing "the black codes did not technically re-establish slavery.14" Also in contrast to Sanders is Dunning who states "as the black codes were concerned, it was pointed out that they could not be alleged as a tendency to restore slavery since the offensive acts had in many of the states been repealed by the legislatures themselves and in all had been superseded by the civil rights act.15" I agree with William Dunning to an ex...

• Word Count: 3529
• Approx Pages: 14
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Through their non-violent confrontations in the Montgomery Bus Boycott, Freedom Rides, sit-ins, and the March on Washington, participants in the Civil Rights Movement won both widespread media coverage and government intervention. The Movement's crowning legislative achievement was the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which banned discrimination in places of public accommodation, enforced the Constitutional right to vote, established a Commission on Equal Employment Opportunity, and prevented discrimination in federally assisted programs. ...

• Word Count: 1470
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

This oppressive category is aimed to force the people it's discriminating against to stay in a certain status level; usually created to keep someone at a poverty ranking, their education low or refusing the correct law and government benefits. ... In Baltimore, "..federal policy [...] prohibited black families from accumulating housing equity during the suburban boom that moved white families into single-family homes from the mid-1930s to the mid-1960s......

• Word Count: 1567
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Bakke held that the Constitution forbids public universities and other government agencies to use rigid racial quotas but does not forbid the use of race as a "factor- among others. ... In the Voting Rights Act, and in federal legislation and regulations giving benefits to minority contractors, a form of affirmative action is already enshrined in law. ...

• Word Count: 1755
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate