Garstang et al. (1995) studied the effects of atmospheric conditions on the range over which low-frequency sound could be communicated. ... Laws et al, (1975) observed that elephants at Etosha National Park migrate towards rain approaching from the north up to 2 weeks before other species of herd animals, which could be a reaction to low-frequency sound produced by the approaching thunderstorms (Garstang et al, 1995). 5.0 Seismic Communication 5.1 Propagation of Seismic Waves The use of seismic waves as a means of communication in elephants was first studied by O'Connell-Rodwell et...

• Word Count: 2665
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

There have been many studies conducted looking at the health benefits of vitamin D when used to treat different diseases (Gissel et al., 2008). ... Some foods however are fortified with vitamin D such as milk and margarine (Ross et al., 2011). ... Compos et al. acquired breast tissue samples from 5 postmenopausal patients between the ages of 42 and 64 years old. ... These modulations included both up- and down-regulation (Campos et al., 2013). ... Robin et al. hypothesized that higher levels of vitamin D intake would correspond with reduced risk of breast cancer. ...

• Word Count: 3860
• Approx Pages: 15
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

This pattern of heavy, intermittent drinking is also prevalent among college students (White et al, 2002a) and young military personnel (Bray, 1996). ... A rough estimate of the age range for adolescence in rats is between 30-50 days of age (Little et al., 1996). ... Indeed, there appears to be an increased reliance on the frontal lobes in the control of behavior, a process commonly referred to as frontalization (Rubia et al., 2000). At the same time that gray matter volumes and metabolism decrease, neural activity during the performance of certain tasks becomes more focused and eff...

• Word Count: 2963
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

T2DM is known to occur in susceptible adults of 25 years to 45 years and above, across different races and economic class (Weir et al., 2013). ... The participants will in one way or the other be compared to be at risk of developing T2DM example; having family history of diabetes, being overweight, living a sedentary lifestyle, have IGT or IFG or both, be of older age, or have an elevated diabetic risk score ( Absetz et al., 2009, and Sathish et al., 2013). ...

• Word Count: 8354
• Approx Pages: 33
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Due to this all-encompassing model, a growing body of research suggesting that cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) techniques are efficacious for treating anxiety disorders, such as SAD, in youth (see Barrett, Dadds, & Rapee, 1996; Kendall, 1994; Kendall et al., 1997; Silverman, Kurtines, Ginsburg, Weems, Lumpkin, et al., 1999) and its detailed structuring to target cognitive distortions and behavior change, Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) has become a go to therapy choice for those children suffering from separation anxiety (Weems & Carrion, 2003). ...

• Word Count: 3134
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Calhoun et al., (2000) pointed out "21 of the 23 participants in the malingering group were able to achieve scores above the cutoff range to identify themselves as PTSD sufferers" (p. 345). ... Part of this was to reflect the hypothesis; higher financial compensation for malingered presentations results in detailed presentations of PTSD (Elhai et al. 2007). ... For study two "we found no significant differences between simulation groups on any scales" (Elahi et al., 2007, p. 334). ... Frueh et al. (1997) indicated "the CS [compensation seeking] veterans elevated all indices of psychopathol...

• Word Count: 3547
• Approx Pages: 14
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

However, it is recognized that adequate analgesia facilitates early rehabilitation and hastens convalescence (Shum et al., 2009). ... Therefore, there has been a rigorous attempt aimed at altering and augmenting anaesthetic and surgical techniques (Weston-Simons et al., 2012). Developments that have been achieved in the surgical techniques, such as the rise of the minimally invasive surgery have been found to reduce the hospitalization period without altering clinical outcomes (Weston-Simons et al., 2012). As Shum et al. (2009) acknowledge, various techniques can be used in providing post-op...

• Word Count: 3365
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

At the outset, according to Tannenbaum, et al. (2012), traditionally, a team has been defined by certain characteristics. ... Teamwork often requires individuals to align with their collective work team as a whole (Ellmers, et al., 2004). ... Thus there is no "I" in real teamwork, the distinction between self and group become unclear, and the definition of self shits from being "I" to the collective "we" (Ellemers et al., 2004). ... Then the "same motivational processes that apply to the individual self may come to apply to the collective self" (Ellemer,...

• Word Count: 2954
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Such research has also had a tremendous impact on one of the largest sexually transmitted diseases to date, HIV/AIDS, (Drummond, et al., 1997; Ervin, 2005; Haddix, et al., 1995.) ... However, such progress in society means that now the pathway is open to effect greater political change and gain greater access to resources via public pressure on policy makers, (Ervin, 2005;Frieden, et al., 2005;Newman, et al., 2006). ... It will be through such efforts that political barriers may be effectively broken down, (Ervin, 2005; Frieden, et al., 2005; Newman, et al., 2006). ... There is quite a bit ...

• Word Count: 3192
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

A study conducted by Brown et al. aids in strengthening this argument. ... Additionally, they theorized that the teens with early exposure would partake in sexual acts prematurely (Brown et al., 2009). ... A survey conducted by Jochen et al. studied the levels of sexual uncertainty along with the attitudes adolescents had toward uncommitted sexual exploration. ... Unfortunately, watching pornography has been correlated to negative attitudes toward contraceptives (Wingood et al., 2001). Wingood et al. focused on associations between viewing X-rated material and subsequent attitudes about cont...

• Word Count: 3224
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

DNA bases can be substituted, inserted, or deleted (Berg et al. 2002). 'The human genome is exposed to mutations during the life cycle because of many types of changes in the DNA' explains (Sohrabi et al. 2014). ... UV light is described by (Berg et al. 2002) as a 'ubiquitous DNA-damaging agent'. ... Research from (Berg et al. 2002) describes 3 different pathways used in DNA repair. ... (Jackson et al. 2011). ...

• Word Count: 3250
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

(Dansky et. al., 2003 : 243) Other research which conducted by Opportunity Now stated that only 20% of U.K. workforce will be white, male, able-bodied and under 45 years old by the year 2010. ... (D"Netto & Sohal, 1999: 530; Lewis, 2000: 5; Teicher et al., 2002: 320) A forecast predicted that 20% to 25% of Australian people will be of Asian origin by the year 2030. (D"Netto & Sohal, 1999:530 sited in Nankervis et al., 1999) Diversity workforce is generally believed as one of the critical vehicles which bring corporations competitive advantage. ... (Teicher et al., 2002: 330) Benefits form Div...

• Word Count: 3515
• Approx Pages: 14
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The endocrine system also functions in long-term behavior and works in conjunction with the nervous system in regulating internal functions and maintaining homeostasis (Mani et al., 1997). ... Hormones are specified by their different chemical structures, which can be classified into four categories: amines, small molecules originating from amino acids; prostaglandins, cyclic unsaturated hydroxyl fatty acids synthesized in membranes from 20 carbon fatty acid chains; steroid hormones, cyclic hydrocarbon derivatives synthesized in all instances from the precursor steroid cholesterol; and peptid...

• Word Count: 5649
• Approx Pages: 23
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Grilli et al (1991) define political independence as "the ability of the central bank to select its objectives without influence from the government". ... Grilli et al (1991) also define economic independence as "the ability to use instruments of monetary policy without restrictions". ... When the results were analysed Grilli et al found that political and economic independence had a negative correlation with inflation. ... Cukierman et al used this study to show that a higher turnover of central bank governors would indicate a lower level of independence. ... Cukierman et al conclude that the...

• Word Count: 4086
• Approx Pages: 16
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The researchers also found that as students get older and go through the different grades that bullying behavior tends to decrease (Dake et al. 2003). ... What the researchers were hoping to find out was the link between bullying and cyberbullying and the impact of parental closeness and in what way children coped in different situations (Accordino et al. 2011). ... The researchers found that students who didn't have close parental relationships or did not received support and guidance may have lacked the ability to deal with bullying and cyber bullying (Accordino et al., 2011). ... Femal...

• Word Count: 2789
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

If the damage is irreparable and results in mutations, it is the job of the tumour suppressor genes to stimulate cell death, known as apoptosis (O'Halloran et al 2004). ... Ovulation causes damage to the epithelium of the ovary and the necessary regenerative repairs can lead to genetic instability and mutagenesis (Tung et al. 2005). ... BRCA1 and BRAC2 both tumour suppressor genes have been implicated with ovarian cancer and are said to increase a person's risk by 40-50% in a lifetime (Brose et al 2002). ... Other risk factors have shown some correlation but require more research t...

• Word Count: 3220
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Andreasen later subdivided the positive symptoms into two groups, psychotic and disorganised dimensions (Andreasen, Arndt, Alliger et al., 1995). ... For instance, if a patient is experiencing hallucinations or delusions then an antipsychotic drug may alleviate them (Curran, Harris, Macdonald et al., 2002). ... When examining the contribution of newer atypical antipsychotic drugs, Curran et al. (2002) states "the newer atypical drugs are effective for the treatment of both positive and negative symptoms- (p. 80). ... In their report on guidelines for safe and effective use of antipsychotics i...

• Word Count: 2726
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Nine of the eleven hottest years in the 20th century have occurred since 1985, which is not consistent with a natural trend [Haines et al., 1998]. ... Even when the heat effects of volcanoes and other misleading weather phenomena that would make the temperature of the earth seem higher than it actually is are taken out of consideration, studies show that the surface temperature of the earth has been increasing at a rate of 0.17 degrees Celsius per decade [Haines et al., 1998]. ... The decrease in global demand for fossil fuels due to a "carbon tax" aimed at reducing emissions in a particular ...

• Word Count: 3241
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The role of HRM in innovation processes Nurturing or constraining creativity Master thesis in Strategic Human Resource Management and Labour Relations 30 higher education credits Author: Jennie Karlsson Supervisor: Bertil Rolandsson Semester: Spring 2013 Abstract The purpose of this study was to explore how different HRM practices nurture and constrain creativity in the organization, upon which companies build their innovation processes. This was explored by the perspective of employees working to contribute to innovations, line managers and HR professionals. A case study was conducted in two ...

• Word Count: 8768
• Approx Pages: 35
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Inhibitions are relaxed and people open up in a way which is seldom seen in one-to-one interviews (Jarrett, 1993; Knodel et al, 1987). ... By contrast, focus groups place people in natural, real life situations (Albrecht et al, 1993; Morgan, 1993; Calder, 1977; Sink, 1991). Proponents of focus groups argue that they can be profitably combined with other data collection procedures (Loftland & Loftland, 1984; Blumer, 1969; Babbie, 1989; Fuller et al, 1988; O'Brien, 1988; Converse & Presser, 1986; Wolf et al, 1988: Knodel et al, 1984). ... Focus groups can be used at the same time as quanti...

• Word Count: 5470
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

According to Arbesman et al. (2014), previous Occupational Therapy interventions have been conducted in many different ways and vary on the level of specificity, purpose, and effectiveness. ... This evidence can be used further to accelerate the position and usefulness of Occupational Therapy in Assisted Living Facilities (Arbesman et al., 2014). ...

• Word Count: 3075
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Decision-making is one skill that separates the nurses from technical or ancillary personnel (Daly et al 2002). ... According to Groenman et al (1992), in the hospital many stressors are to be found such as the admission itself, being away from home. ... According to Hinchiff et al (1998), the professional nurse must be satisfied that each aspect of practice is directed to meeting the needs and serving the interests of the patient The nurse must recognise and honour the personal accountability borne for all aspects of professional practice (NMC 2002). ... Roper et al (1990) argue that althou...

• Word Count: 2539
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Abstract This paper discusses the many ways in which access to pornographic material has led to an increase in deviant sexual attitudes and behaviors. Through the use of research, experiments, articles, presentations and surveys, I am acquainted with the different individuals who are affected by vie...

• Word Count: 3014
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The external environment can be divided into three main areas of general environment, industry environment and competitor environment (Hanson et al. 2011). General Environment The general environment is composed of dimensions in broader society that influence an industry and the firms within it (Hanson et al. 2011). ... Increased population density in major cities around the world has expanded the number of viable touring destinations for Cirque du Soleil shows (Hanson et al., 2011). ... Industrial Analysis The industry environment has a more direct impact on a firm's strategic competi...

• Word Count: 5245
• Approx Pages: 21
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

In all, Hawaii has 35 native bird species (reduced from an estimated 140 species before humans arrived) and over 5000 native insects (Wilson 2002, Pimentel et al. 2000). ... In many areas they have prevented native plants from establishing themselves by consuming all of their seeds (Cabin et al. 2000). ... Only three species are considered serious threats to the native wildlife: the African big-headed ant (Pheidole megacephala), the Argentine ant (Iridomyrmex humilis)* , and the long-legged ant (Anoplolepis longipes) (Cole et al. 1992). ...

• Word Count: 3046
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate