Education is important in society and the structure and processes of education systems are related to the general process of socialisation (Van Krieken et al. 2000, p.191). ... According to Stephens et al. (1998, p. 205), "The argument that education in capitalist society is a tool of ruling-class ideology underpins Marxist theory." ... According Bowles and Gintis (1976 in Van krieken et al. 2000, p. 194), the hidden curriculum shapes the future workforce in the following ways. ... Bowles and Gintis (1976 in Van Krieken et al. 2000, p. 195) provide evidence in stating that intelligence is mer...

• Word Count: 2373
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

According to Borland and Wright, in the past individuals labeled as gifted, are 400 times as likely to be found among children of upper-class parents as among the children of laborers (Heller, et. al 587). By 1925 children of Italian, Portugese, Spanish, and Mexican decendants were under represented, and nearly total absence of African American children was even worth mentioning (Heller, et. al 587). ... Unfortunately, according to Borland and Wright, current data under-representation of economically disadvantaged and minority students in gifted programs had not disappeared (Heller, et. al 58...

• Word Count: 1498
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

According to Borland and Wright, in the past individuals labeled as gifted, are 400 times as likely to be found among children of upper-class parents as among the children of laborers (Heller, et. al 587). By 1925 children of Italian, Portugese, Spanish, and Mexican decendants were under represented, and nearly total absence of African American children was even worth mentioning (Heller, et. al 587). ... Unfortunately, according to Borland and Wright, current data under-representation of economically disadvantaged and minority students in gifted programs had not disappeared (Heller, et. al 58...

• Word Count: 1498
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

At the outset, according to Tannenbaum, et al. (2012), traditionally, a team has been defined by certain characteristics. ... Teamwork often requires individuals to align with their collective work team as a whole (Ellmers, et al., 2004). ... Thus there is no "I" in real teamwork, the distinction between self and group become unclear, and the definition of self shits from being "I" to the collective "we" (Ellemers et al., 2004). ... Then the "same motivational processes that apply to the individual self may come to apply to the collective self" (Ellemer,...

• Word Count: 2954
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Current research is closely linking the social environment with expression of disease, risk of developments of mental disorder, and resiliency factors (Alegria et al., 2010). ... In fact the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) with its enhanced coverage of cultural considerations, now includes a separate discussion of culture in relation to differences in symptom expression, risk, course, and prevalence when evidence is available – this means that a large amount of disorders include information regarding such findings (Regier et al., 2013). ...

• Word Count: 2238
• Approx Pages: 9
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Even recently, the concept of desistence in life course study has been viewed as a stable, discrete "end- state rather than a developmental process (Bushway et al., 2001). ... As an example, many life course investigations into delinquency attend to the relationship between age and offending but in doing so confound what are two distinct elements in a process, according to Bushway et al. (2001). Instead, as found by studying desistence, it may be "age-graded changes- in offending behavior rather than aging itself that are part of the causal mechanisms (Bushway et al. 2001). ... A seemingly ...

• Word Count: 672
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Barnlund and Bellah et al. present a common interest of communicative involvement and societal progress. ... Robert Bellah Et Al writes on individuals from society who create identities for themselves. ... One of the individuals incorporated by Bellah Et al. is Cecilia Dougherty. ... Authors Bellah et al present the lives of multiple individuals and portray how their lives are benefited from the involvement their community. ... The reason is we are all social animals and we must live and interact and work together in the community to become fulfilled" (Bellah et al 68). ...

• Word Count: 1394
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Durkheim argued deviance's functionality by identifying 4 specific functions that deviance performs, which include: -Affirmation of cultural norms and values: viewing an individual being punished for a deviant act reinforces what a society sees as acceptable or unacceptable behavior (Henslin et al., 2007). ... -Clarification of moral boundaries: responses to deviant behavior help individuals distinguish between right and wrong (Henslin et al., 2007). ... -Promotes social unity: in response to deviant behavior, group members develop a feeling of unity (Henslin et al., 2007). ... -Promotes ...

• Word Count: 1258
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

In most cases, the agenda changes when a new president is elected or when the party with majority members changes in the Congress (Turner et al 462-464). ... On the other hand, "Policy adoption may also take place when the president signs an executive order or when the Supreme Court rules on an important case (Turner et al 460). ... The public acts as bystanders in decision-making processes because the competing groups act as the peoples' voices (Turner et al 455). ... This is because it takes much time before a compromise is reached (Turner et al 455). ...

• Word Count: 1120
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

It is understandable, given this background, that the provision of universally available medical care was seen as a vital part of policy for improving health standards throughout society "(Blane et al,1996, p2) It was expected that these developments would narrow social class differences in health but figures relating to standardised mortality ratios for social classes showed that these differences were actually widening rather than narrowing. ... One explanation developed was "The behavioural approach to the prevention of degenerative diseases" (Blane et al ,1996, pg5). ... (Bartley 1994;...

• Word Count: 2122
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Ambiguous language consists of words and phrases that have more than one commonly accepted definition (Adler, et al. 94). ... It is "the language, values, beliefs, traditions, and customs people share and learn" (Adler, et al. 329). ... "Individualistic cultures view their primary responsibility as helping themselves, whereas communicators in a collectivistic cultures feel loyalties and obligations to an in group" (Adler et al. 333). ...

• Word Count: 1464
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

In addition (as Barkow et al. and Heinrich and Gil-White have noted), when an individual is perceived to command a high degree of deference or popularity this too can elicit preferential attention. ... Research Flaws Beyond further investigating "Facebook depression," there may be other effects of the medium that are worthy of inquiry (Krasnova et al., 2013). ...

• Word Count: 764
• Approx Pages: 3
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

By using lunch counter sit-ins, organizing into national networks like the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), and reaching into college campuses through the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), the Civil Rights Movement was able to bring together northerners and southerners, older and younger citizens and men and women to work for a single cause (Lawson et al, 1998, p. 21). ... (Crawford et al, 1990, pp. 72-74) It was the women that organized this key moment in the Civil Rights Movement – which was, in fact, spurred by a woman, Rosa Parks, refusing to take her seat in ...

• Word Count: 2185
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

He believed that 'behaviour, including crime, is a social product, a result of interactions and patterns of learning that occur in the intimate personal groups and surrounding social circumstances that encapsulate the individual' (Hale et al. 2013: 123). ... This experiment was conducted in the way that 'a group of infants watched a film depicting an adult violently attacking a rubber 'Bobo' doll' (Hale et al. 2013: 124). ...

• Word Count: 3847
• Approx Pages: 15
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

So therefore it was important to study the actions of individuals in order to understand the way individuals looked at the world and how their views helped to influence their actions (Kirby et al, 1997). ... In other words sociological concepts should be explained through mental constructs in which one can compare with reality (Kirby et al, 1997). ...

• Word Count: 1261
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Culture on the other hand is a concept that signifies those external or ideological factors which reign over the current sociopolitical milieu, and which influence its citizens (Triandis et al., 1980). ... Genetic researchers (Sforza et al., 1994) have concluded that the "genetic differences between so-called races account for only 0.012% of human biological variation ", and when calculated statistically, the genetic difference found between two separate geographical populations and those found in a single population are completely insignificant (Cameron & Wycoff, 1998). ...

• Word Count: 1166
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

According to Turner et al.,(2002), discovered a cognitive development framework as if the similarity distinctions are between socialized and personalized charismatic leadership. ... The idealized part of it occurs when a leader puts the best interest of the group ahead of his or her own self-interest, acts on strong ethical values and moral standards (Kirk et al., 2003). ...

• Word Count: 937
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

This work was continued by Sheldon and Stevens (1942) and Sheldon et al (1949) who identified three basic body types; endomorphs, who are fat and soft; ectomorphs, who are thin and fragile and mesomorphs, who are muscular and hard. ... Another possible problem with the theory is that psychologists (McGurk et al, 1981) have isolated personality traits which are related to criminal behaviour but not identified by Eysenck. ... Bartol et al (1979) tested 398 inmates, most of African-American and Hispanic origins using the EPQ (Eysenck Personality Questionnaire). ...

• Word Count: 2818
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Abstract In recent years, many critiques expressed their concern about the social issue of gender in Western cultures. Although the notion of gender may seem obvious and natural to many people, nowadays, many others agree that this issue deserves more attention. The aim of this assignment is to disc...

• Word Count: 3244
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Light, D. et al (1982:550) defined social change as variations overtime, in the behaviour patterns, culture, and structure of society. Lenski, G. et al (1987:61) defines social and cultural change in two aspects one involving the addition of new elements to the existing system while the other form will involve elimination of older elements where the former dwells on social and cultural innovation and the latter on cultural extinction. ... The harmonious and consensus approach is described by Professor David Easton in his phrase (Nimmo, D. et al, 1967:25) – "We only ask whether the m...

• Word Count: 3485
• Approx Pages: 14
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

In fact in Graham's study males were referred to seven times as often as females (Graham 1973 in Thorne et al 1983). ... Silveira (1980 in Thorne et al 1983) found in a series of studies that while women tended to interpret gender-biased "generic" pronouns as generic men tended to interpret them as meaning "male" and that this included terms that simply contained the word "man". ... Thorne et al (1983) points out another kind of linguistic sexism that more even clearly demonstrates the social disempowerment of women in the English language. ... While the argument still rages as to whether...

• Word Count: 2723
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

As Brecher et. al. point out, "Yet social movements have overcome equal or even greater concentrations of wealth and power in the past" (18). ... As demonstrated by Turkel, Carracedo, Loach, and Brecher et. al., minorities and oppressed persons can use community organizing to empower themselves and making lasting changes. ...

• Word Count: 1593
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Humphreys was criticized for his sympathy with the plight of his subject population (Beauchamp et al 1982), this emotional involvement could potentially have created a confirmation bias in the produced results. ...

• Word Count: 826
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

I have chosen to analyse the advertisement for the Lynx Apollo (2013) deodorant in order to illustrate the ways in which ideological content can be used to reiterate the hegemonic ideals of the dominant and ruling minority, upon the subordinate and working class majority, as seen from a feministic t...

• Word Count: 691
• Approx Pages: 3
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

In his article "Biological Limits of Gender Construction". J. Richard Udry attempts to apply the theory of sex-dismorphic behavior predispositions and the hypothetical normative structure of our society to a study of women that took place over the course of 30 years. In this study, scientists collected data about the women while they were still in their mother's womb, namely the level of androgen present. Since the level of androgen present is believed to be a factor in predicting the level of femininity or masculinity a person will show during adolescence and adulthood, Udry attempts t...

• Word Count: 2074
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate