William Wundt's study in sensory processes increased his interest in psychology such that he created the first psychological laboratory experiment (Cullis, et al., 2002). ... It also believes that the aggressive drive & death instinct (thanatos) drives are changed in childhood at diverse times and struggles (Cardwell, et al., 2004). ... Freud's work put more value in individuals especially children and that the experiences they have in childhood shaped the people they become as adults in society (Cullis, et al., 2002). ... It does not take into account the unconscious mind's inf...

• Word Count: 1620
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Pourtois et al. (2004) investigated the bias of attention towards fearful faces whilst participants completed a task regarding spatial orienting. ... In 1996, Purcell et al. attempted to replicate Hansen and Hansen's 1988 study. ... Purcell et al suggested that the dark patches on the angry faces confounded how the data was interpreted, leading to invalid hence unreliable findings. In regards to the aforementioned weakness highlighted by Purcell et al, studies taking into account the visual presentation of faces have been conducted. For example, Fox et al (2000) used schematic faces ins...

• Word Count: 1206
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The results obtained via fMRI showed that activation of the fusiform gyrus was greatly affected by whether or not the participant was attending to the face (Vuilleumier et al., 2001). ... The central criticism was that the matching task previously given to participants in Vuilleumier et al. (2001), was not difficult enough. ... In contrast to the earlier study, Pessoa et al. (2002) found that the activation associated with faces only occurred when faces were attended to. ... In support of this, accuracy rates for the bar task were 64% compared to 86% for the matching task in Vuilleumier et al ...

• Word Count: 741
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Background Alcohol consumption among university students is a continuing concern for the population (Wilk et al., 1997; DOH, 2005) and the general behaviours influenced by alcohol involve violence, unsafe sexual tendencies leading to unwanted pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases, injuries and a rise in illegal activities (Bewick et al., 2007). ... Young and Oei (1996) produced the Drinking Refusal Self-Efficacy Questionnaire- Revised (DRSEQ-R) and after confirmatory analysis, found it offers a stable factor structure and consistent validity (Oei et al., 2004). ... The Brief Alcohol Scree...

• Word Count: 1966
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Individuals suffering from complicated grief often do not feel their life is meaningful without the one they lost (Tomarken et al., 2012). ... Prolactin levels decrease when a person has sleeping problems, a common complaint of the bereaved (Lane et al., 2007). ... In men, prolactin is negatively correlated with an excited emotional state (Lane et al, 1987). ... Men showed the increase in mortality immediately following the loss but did not show the same decrease at four years (Lichtenstein et al., 1998). ... HRV, which is the measurement used to track parasympathetic nervous system activ...

• Word Count: 2465
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

At the outset, according to Tannenbaum, et al. (2012), traditionally, a team has been defined by certain characteristics. ... Teamwork often requires individuals to align with their collective work team as a whole (Ellmers, et al., 2004). ... Thus there is no "I" in real teamwork, the distinction between self and group become unclear, and the definition of self shits from being "I" to the collective "we" (Ellemers et al., 2004). ... Then the "same motivational processes that apply to the individual self may come to apply to the collective self" (Ellemer,...

• Word Count: 2954
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Current research is closely linking the social environment with expression of disease, risk of developments of mental disorder, and resiliency factors (Alegria et al., 2010). ... In fact the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) with its enhanced coverage of cultural considerations, now includes a separate discussion of culture in relation to differences in symptom expression, risk, course, and prevalence when evidence is available – this means that a large amount of disorders include information regarding such findings (Regier et al., 2013). ...

• Word Count: 2238
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Brewin et al. (1989) go on further to outline four theories to explain homesickness: expectancy, attachment, social support, and social affiliation. ... Brewin et al. (1989) concluded that homesickness is predicted by "greater self-reported dependency" on others and also by higher expectations that many college freshmen experience homesickness. ... After studying the different ways homesickness has been measured in past research, the authors derived a 33-item questionnaire to measure homesickness primarily as a grief reaction to separation from home (Archer et al., 1998). Archer et...

• Word Count: 1005
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The results in this study determine that the cognitive interview in a more ecologically valid setting than that employed by (Geiselman et al., 1984). Geiselman et al (1985) found that the participant using the cognitive interview accurately recalled significant information than others. ... According to the experiment conducted by Geiselman et al, (1985) conducted hypnosis, determine that no memory can be enhanced with hypnosis. Researchers have found that hypnosis can improve memory without showing increased confabulation or greater susceptibility to misleading questions (Geiselman et al., 19...

• Word Count: 929
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Lastly it was also seen that patients that mixed ecstasy with alcohol use were more likely to have one or more psychological problems compared to a person that just took the tablet (Schifano et al, 1998). ... All people that contacted the researches where interviewed to see if they met the criteria to be able to do the study (Topp et al, 1999). ... Certain individuals were excluded if they were pregnant or if they had a history of any psychological issues before drug use (Solowij et al, 1992). ... As cited in this report "this study was approved by the psychology department ethics commit...

• Word Count: 1325
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Perceived barriers to action are perceptions of the blocks, hurdles and personal costs of undertaking a health behavior (Pender et al., 2011, p. 44). ... "Self-efficacy is not concerned with skill one has but with judgments of what one can do with whatever skills one possesses"" (Pender et al., 2011, p. 53). ... Pender claims that individuals are attracted to situations where they feel, "comfortable, related, and safe and reassured " (Pender et al., 2011, p. 49). ... Individuals have a low level of control over competing demands due to environmental contingencies like family and work respons...

• Word Count: 1296
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Nolen et al. (2009) suggested that if behaviour was suppressed during childhood, it could later on manifest itself in forms of emotional problems or symptoms of mental infirmity. ... Basically traditions, values, behaviours and beliefs that are passed to one another as shared by the group of people present in the society refer to culture (Holt et al, 2013). Every culture has its own social norms and those norms are made to let the community know what behaviour is acceptable and expected from them (Holt et al, 2013). ... This was all because of the care given to her by her aunt, the transmiss...

• Word Count: 1193
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

As stated "The advances in the field of behavior genetics have begun to identify specific genes that are involved in the development of complex disorders such as schizophrenia" (Gerber et al., 2003; Hashimoto et al., 2003; Williams et al., 1999) and autism (Lamb, Moore, Bailey, & Monaco, 2000; Nurmi et al., 2003). ...

• Word Count: 883
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Achievement is not only desired by first-borns more than the other birth positions, but the first-borns also take more responsibility for good performance (Phillips et al, 2000). ... In terms of sociability, later-borns are more socially active (Steelman et al., (2002). Steelman et al. suggests this is a result of having to develop compromise, (Although all siblings have to compromise to live harmoniously, as illustrated before, the first-borns tend to take a leadership role rather than that of an equal) to deal with other siblings. ...

• Word Count: 480
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Beckwith et al(1992), Eshel et al(2006) and Landry et al (2008) are some people who have previously worked on a similar problem presented in this paper(Child Development pg.1198-1208). ... Sarah Whittle et al (2013) are another group of people who researched on a similar problem as well. ...

• Word Count: 1069
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The researchers conclude that these two hypotheses are related but focus on two different questions (Marcusson-Clavertz et al., 2016). ... "(Marcusson et al., 2016, p. 453) The method used to prove their hypothesis was a series of tests administered by the experimenters. ... The second session consisted of "the second version of the Stroop task, followed by the Dissociative Experiences Scale and the SART" (Marcusson-Clavertz et al., 2016, p. 456). ... (Marcusson-Clavertz et al., 2016) In an article entitled "Hit the Reset Button in Your Brain," from The New York Times, w...

• Word Count: 998
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Owen et al. (2010) concluded that in all three groups, the results provided no clear evidence to support the belief that regular use of computer programs using brain training tasks, improves overall cognitive function in healthy participants, beyond the tasks that were actually provided. ... From this Smith et al. (2009) gathered 487 applicants all 65 years or older with substantial cognitive damage, they were then arbitrarily assigned into age groups, the age groups were then randomly put into either an experimental group or a control group. ... Smith et al. (2009) concluded that the result...

• Word Count: 908
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In addition (as Barkow et al. and Heinrich and Gil-White have noted), when an individual is perceived to command a high degree of deference or popularity this too can elicit preferential attention. ... Research Flaws Beyond further investigating "Facebook depression," there may be other effects of the medium that are worthy of inquiry (Krasnova et al., 2013). ...

• Word Count: 764
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

In the psychodynamic approach, there was no original scientific experiment carried out by Freud, but later studies such as Adams et al (1996) who looked into homophobia began to use objective ways to gather their findings. ... As an example, Saccone et al (2006) looked at the effects of nicotine dependency using brain scanning method. ...

• Word Count: 845
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The positive benefits of combat sports are also found in Fletcher's (as cited in Nichols, 1992, p. 184) and Palermo et al.'... In Fletcher's case, emotional control was gained through boxing, while for Palermo et al. (2006), when taught appropriately, martial arts could be effective in reducing problem behavior. ...

• Word Count: 871
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Refugee families experience trauma due to the unstable environment in their home countries but there are also a myriad of events that happen even after they are displaced that could also be considered traumatic, and have an adverse effect on refuge individuals and families (Weine et al, 2004). ... Primary care institutions, including clinics, schools, and community organizations, because of their closeness to the family living environment, are often in a privileged position to detect problems in traumatized refugee children and adolescents and to provide help (Rousseau et al, 2012). ... At t...

• Word Count: 2537
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

In an attempt by US Navy and the US Marine Corps to find out the causes of conflict between guards and prisoners in the naval prisons, US Navy funded Zimbardo et al.'... The finding of Zimbardo et al.' study on situational hypothesis has helped to understand that our behaviors can be influenced by other people. ... While the findings of the field experiment by Piliavin et al. help to understand the social influences on the decisions we make about whether we help people in emergency situations. ...

• Word Count: 1775
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

These maladaptive behaviors include: "inconsistent enforcement of rules, low amount of time spent with children, low educational aspirations for children, low maternal affection, maternal possessiveness toward their children, maternal use of guilt to control children, loud verbal conflicts between parents, poor control of anger toward children, poor parent-child communication, poor supervision, poor maintenance of the home, regular cigarette smoking in the presence of the child, and verbal abuse directed toward the child" (Johnson et al, 2001). ... It is posited that "relative to nondepres...

• Word Count: 1308
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Culture on the other hand is a concept that signifies those external or ideological factors which reign over the current sociopolitical milieu, and which influence its citizens (Triandis et al., 1980). ... Genetic researchers (Sforza et al., 1994) have concluded that the "genetic differences between so-called races account for only 0.012% of human biological variation ", and when calculated statistically, the genetic difference found between two separate geographical populations and those found in a single population are completely insignificant (Cameron & Wycoff, 1998). ...

• Word Count: 1166
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Human skills are needed at all levels of management where as technical skills are more important at entry levels (McCuddy et. al., 2004). ... Technical skills involve proficiency using selected methods, processes and procedures to accomplish tasks, knowledge of expertise gained through experience and education, and performing specialized tasks (McCuddy et. al., 2004). ...

• Word Count: 1187
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate