Extended research that supports these hypotheses also suggests that butch lesbians may be physiologically similar to heterosexual men due to prenatal androgen exposure (Bassett et al. 2001; Brown et al. 2002; Pearce et al. 1996; Singh et al. 1999). ... Past research has shown that finger length is associated to prenatal androgen exposure that results in men having longer ring fingers than women (Manning et al. 1998). ... They found that femme lesbians showed more jealousy to physically attractive rival and also sought financial resources from partner (Bassett et al. 2001). Personal dating ads ...

• Word Count: 1702
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Frederick and his fellow authors point out in their definitive article, "people can have chromosomes, genes, hormone levels, internal genitalia, external genitalia, and brains that don't all line up in terms of being male-typical or female-typical (Frederick, et al. 2008). ... They found that there is a robust amount of gender appearance rigidity in early childhood and kids learn at an early age what is social appropriate for their respective gender (Halim, et al. 2014). Surprisingly, parental preference did not seem to have much of an effect on any of the examined children's ap...

• Word Count: 1224
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Barnlund and Bellah et al. present a common interest of communicative involvement and societal progress. ... Robert Bellah Et Al writes on individuals from society who create identities for themselves. ... One of the individuals incorporated by Bellah Et al. is Cecilia Dougherty. ... Authors Bellah et al present the lives of multiple individuals and portray how their lives are benefited from the involvement their community. ... The reason is we are all social animals and we must live and interact and work together in the community to become fulfilled" (Bellah et al 68). ...

• Word Count: 1394
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Sexual dimorphism: the difference between males and females in the same species, (Samal et al., 2007) is a great way to acknowledge these instincts. ... This additional production of adipose in females occurs as a result of oestrogen stimulation towards the end of puberty, and is largely deposited around the buttocks, thighs and hips (Singh et al., 2010). This deposition of fat, as well as the expansion of the pelvic bone, creates an hourglass figure for most women, which is very distinctive from a male's more muscular body shape (Singh et al., 2010). ... It therefore makes sense that wom...

• Word Count: 1391
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Phipps et al. stated that it is "possible that during a long absence from paid employment women not only fail to acquire human capital, but their existing human capital may actually deteriorate" (2001:420). ... An explanation stated by Albrecht et al. can supplement Drolet's idea more. According to Albrecht et al. (1999), the nature of a work interruption may be taken as a signal by future employer about the individual worker's type. ... As estimated by Phipps et al. (2001), "women currently working full time, average total hours of unpaid work are 33.5 per week". ...

• Word Count: 1514
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

However, there is evidence to show that the pseudo-penis does show a high cost to fitness, which makes it unlikely to be adaptively neutral. [7] Developmental stages of the Spotted Hyena A 2005 study done by Cunha et al. delineated the ontogeny of the spotted hyena. ... In this same study, Cunha et al. treated pregnant spotted hyenas with anti-androgens, in order to discern if placental androgen levels contributed to the masculinization of the genitalia. ... Because these androgens have been concluded to come from the fetal ovaries, Glickman et al. hypothesized that such hormonal levels could...

• Word Count: 1647
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

In the advertising process there are, according to Aaker et al, four main institutions: " the advertiser, the advertising, the media and the research suppliers" Aaker et al think that the most responsible people in the formulation of an advertisement are the Brand Managers. ... Aaker et al point out the necessity to associate feelings with the brand in advertising. ... Indeed Aaker et al believe that this emotional bonding is the medium through which brand personality is communicated to the audience. ...

• Word Count: 1975
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

To determine whether male and female managers differ in their leadership approach, Van Eagen et al. (2001) conducted a field study in four large department stores in the Netherlands. ... In their results, Van Engen et al. (2001) found no gender difference in the predicted leadership styles. ... In particular, they found that "male and female managers [were] more people-oriented, more transformational, and less task-oriented when leading in a feminine-type context, and less people-oriented, less transformational, and more task-oriented when leading in masculine-typed contexts" (Van Engen et al...

• Word Count: 2707
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Monetary benefits and costs shape individuals' agency, individuals who are believed to all have equal opportunities but positive inequality of outcomes (Greig et al., 2007). ... Moreover, they placed new technologies under the control of men, with the consequence that women became less important, received a reduced status, had less power and had a lower income (Greig et al., 2007). ... From a modernist perspective, development would therefore have a positive impact on women's social status overall (Greig et al., 2007). ... The fact that wives' responsibilities lie in performing...

• Word Count: 2203
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

He believed that 'behaviour, including crime, is a social product, a result of interactions and patterns of learning that occur in the intimate personal groups and surrounding social circumstances that encapsulate the individual' (Hale et al. 2013: 123). ... This experiment was conducted in the way that 'a group of infants watched a film depicting an adult violently attacking a rubber 'Bobo' doll' (Hale et al. 2013: 124). ...

• Word Count: 3847
• Approx Pages: 15
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Members of the APA task force say, "Sexualization of girls has negative consequences on girls' ability to develop a healthy sexual self-image" (Zurbriggen et al.). ... One journal mentions that "media-idealized images have the most harmful and substantial impact on vulnerable individuals" (Dakanalis et al. p. 1). ...

• Word Count: 1245
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Abstract In recent years, many critiques expressed their concern about the social issue of gender in Western cultures. Although the notion of gender may seem obvious and natural to many people, nowadays, many others agree that this issue deserves more attention. The aim of this assignment is to disc...

• Word Count: 3244
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

In fact in Graham's study males were referred to seven times as often as females (Graham 1973 in Thorne et al 1983). ... Silveira (1980 in Thorne et al 1983) found in a series of studies that while women tended to interpret gender-biased "generic" pronouns as generic men tended to interpret them as meaning "male" and that this included terms that simply contained the word "man". ... Thorne et al (1983) points out another kind of linguistic sexism that more even clearly demonstrates the social disempowerment of women in the English language. ... While the argument still rages as to whether...

• Word Count: 2723
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

These sexually explicit ads, employed for a myriad of products, negatively portray women solely in terms of one narrow and stereotypically presented aspect of their gender roles: as sexual objects (Treise et al. 1994 pg.61) These advertisements use objectification to suggest that men buy the product to help them attract the women they represent in their advertisement. ... Treise (et al) explains how, "It is often believed that "sex sells," however it does not do so without creating some controversy". (1994 pg.65) All this further goes to highlight the ideological issues in advertisin...

• Word Count: 1800
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

I have chosen to analyse the advertisement for the Lynx Apollo (2013) deodorant in order to illustrate the ways in which ideological content can be used to reiterate the hegemonic ideals of the dominant and ruling minority, upon the subordinate and working class majority, as seen from a feministic t...

• Word Count: 691
• Approx Pages: 3
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The bases of this come from the father's own sense of gender identity and that this influence encourages young males to conduct themselves in a certain manner (cited in Van Krieken et al, 2013). ...

• Word Count: 2543
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

In his article "Biological Limits of Gender Construction". J. Richard Udry attempts to apply the theory of sex-dismorphic behavior predispositions and the hypothetical normative structure of our society to a study of women that took place over the course of 30 years. In this study, scientists collected data about the women while they were still in their mother's womb, namely the level of androgen present. Since the level of androgen present is believed to be a factor in predicting the level of femininity or masculinity a person will show during adolescence and adulthood, Udry attempts t...

• Word Count: 2074
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

When we reach sexual maturity, we have our first insight into our sexuality, an insight which is genetically programmed into our consciousness through our DNA, this theory is supported by the work of hamer et al ( 1993) who conducted a study of male sexual orientation. ... A study by Albert Bandura et al ( 197-) has shown how "children learn their roles from those influential models they observe around them, particularly their parents. ...

• Word Count: 1993
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Abstract There has been much research done over the years on poor sleep patterns and mental health in academic settings. It is generally accepted that students attending school will expect to have higher stress levels and get less sleep than their non-academic counterparts. This is partially due to higher academic demands requiring longer study hours, as well as extra-curricular activities outside of school. Lower grade point averages and higher dropout rates due to the stressful academic environment is a critical issue for the future. Lack of sleep is one of the key barriers to a student'...

• Word Count: 1934
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Critically examine recent theories of Gender How do we begin to examine recent theories of Gender. Changes in women's conditions over the 19th & 20th centuries from the perspective of the French Declarations of the rights of man & citizen (1989). In contrast to the conditions that existed before the declaration was issued, it can be said that its points have been fulfilled. The positions that women now occupy is vastly improved over that of prior generations, even though contemporary struggles would mask the gains that have been made. Class, gender, & education are but ...

• Word Count: 2399
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

As companies are becoming more diverse and it's becoming very important for companies to understand and manage it. People of different background, races, religion create a diverse workforce. There is an importance of having diverse workforce to provide better performance. There are perspectives of ...

• Word Count: 1230
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

It is often observed that men, in general, behave more aggressively than women, and that women seem to be more nurturing than men. In this paper, I argue that these observed differences between men and women are wrong and that they are simply socially constructed, based on social processes and le...

• Word Count: 1418
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

According to Dittmar (2008), there are three major dimensions of buying motives: functional, emotional-social, and identity-related. Functional motive concerns the usefulness or good value for money of consumer goods (e.g. whether a product has utilitarian value). Emotional-social motive concerns th...

• Word Count: 1179
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Abstract Gender Stereotyping affects everyone in society, both male, and female, young and old and is one of the most researched topics amongst social psychologists. This study aims to discover if gender stereotypes still exist in today's modern society and, if they do, why they are perpetuated. Is it always for a negative reason? The study adopted a focus group methodology with fifteen groups of 7-9 participants, all university students (n=133). There were 21 males and 111 females in the study. ...

• Word Count: 2714
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The term 'International division of labour' labels the spatial movement of manufacturing industries from advanced capitalist countries to developing countries (Barney, 2010). This essay will go on to explore and explain the gender differences in the international division of labour. In England...

• Word Count: 1540
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate