Today, CCTV is actively used as a crime prevention strategy (McLean et al., 2013). ... Nevertheless, the role of surveillance technology in public safety management is still not clear (Agustina and Clavell, 2011; McLean et al., 2013). ... Relevant empirical investigation into the effect of public surveillance cameras on crime and disorder was carried out by McLean et al. (2013). ... It was concluded that the adoption of CCTV technology allows for reduced crime levels (McLean et al., 2013). ... Furthermore, Norris et al. (1998) found that surveillance systems are not able, on their own, to pr...

• Word Count: 1968
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

In the study by Leon-Carrion et al. (2003), a comparison was made of the school and head injury histories of violent and non-violent prisoners. ... However, it was found that "what differentiated the violent from the non-violent group was a history of having suffered head injuries that were never treated- (Leon-Carrion et al., 2003, p207). ... Furthermore, it has also been shown that some individuals "had no trouble with the law until they became head-injured well into adulthood- (Sarapata et al., 1998, p831). ... They concluded that "dysfunction in the limbic system [has] been implicated i...

• Word Count: 2126
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The BCS has been criticised by Genn et al (1987) for missing people living in hostels, bed-sit accommodation and the homeless, who themselves may be some of the highest risk categories in society. ... As Sellitz et al (1976) say " questionnaires can be sent through the post, where as interviewers cannot". ... The BCS does not calculate commercial or corporate crimes (shoplifting, vandalism and burglary) Kershaw et al (2001). ... The studies also suggested that people in these areas were more likely to be victims of certain crimes, The Islington crime survey (Jones et al 1986) found that house...

• Word Count: 1355
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Rawls views social justice to be about assuring the protection of equal access to liberties, rights, and opportunities, as well as taking care of the least advantaged members of the society (Kamalu et. al, 2010). This implies that the consistence with social justice depends on whether for social whether it promotes or hinders equality of access to civil liberties, human rights, opportunities for healthy and fulfilling lives, as well as whether it allocates a fair share of benefits to the least advantaged members of society (Kamalu et. al, 2010). According to Miller, social justice deals with ...

• Word Count: 1024
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Academic critiques of this evidence at the time would not support this idea though (Brennan, et al, 1995). This started a heated debate within the field of psychology, though no difference between those men with the extra Y chromosome was found in association to arrests for violent crime (Brennan, et al, 1995). ... The outcomes of many different adoption investigations have also discovered that there is more of a comparison in the criminal behaviour of sons and their natural fathers than between sons and their adoptive fathers (Brennan, et al, 1995). ... Firstly the procedure of choosing...

• Word Count: 3709
• Approx Pages: 15
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Due to the overwhelming caseloads processed through the court system, the needs of the offender for additional treatment (i.e., drug addiction, mental illness, alcohol abuse) find themselves incarcerated in an already overcrowded jail or prison with little or no treatment programs to address their i...

• Word Count: 4011
• Approx Pages: 16
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The positive benefits of combat sports are also found in Fletcher's (as cited in Nichols, 1992, p. 184) and Palermo et al.'... In Fletcher's case, emotional control was gained through boxing, while for Palermo et al. (2006), when taught appropriately, martial arts could be effective in reducing problem behavior. ...

• Word Count: 871
• Approx Pages: 3
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Embezzlements are generally committed by one of three methods: By trickery, deceit or misrepresentation (e.g. account holder or rightful owner impersonation, official seals of fake accounts); by documents (e.g. check, "authorization note", power of attorney); and by technology (e.g. on-line computer, FAX machines, ATM access)(Weisburd et al., 1991). ... It is often believed to be more "convenient" to allow an embezzler to terminate employment and voluntarily repay the loss than to file a crime report and become involved with the criminal justice process (Weisburd et al., 1991). ... The misu...

• Word Count: 1889
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

He believed that 'behaviour, including crime, is a social product, a result of interactions and patterns of learning that occur in the intimate personal groups and surrounding social circumstances that encapsulate the individual' (Hale et al. 2013: 123). ... This experiment was conducted in the way that 'a group of infants watched a film depicting an adult violently attacking a rubber 'Bobo' doll' (Hale et al. 2013: 124). ...

• Word Count: 3847
• Approx Pages: 15
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

People might be able to describe the weapon that is used in a crime, but not the features of the person that is carrying the weapon (Kramer et al 1990). ... By way of illustration, Geiselman et al (1985) was able to construct a better interviewing system wich is called 'the cognitive interview'. ...

• Word Count: 985
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

CJA 2003 also gave other agencies a 'duty to cooperate' in each of the 43 Police and Probation areas (Wood et al 2007:1) along with bringing the Prison Service into these arrangements. ... The model has, however, been scrutinised for its lack of public involvement (Kemshall et al, 2003: 26). ... A Canadian initiated scheme called Circles of Support and Accountability (COSA) developed out of the ongoing negative reaction to sex offenders in the community and the concerns that official supervisory models couldn't successfully re-integrate sex offenders, nor guarantee public safe...

• Word Count: 2070
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

This work was continued by Sheldon and Stevens (1942) and Sheldon et al (1949) who identified three basic body types; endomorphs, who are fat and soft; ectomorphs, who are thin and fragile and mesomorphs, who are muscular and hard. ... Another possible problem with the theory is that psychologists (McGurk et al, 1981) have isolated personality traits which are related to criminal behaviour but not identified by Eysenck. ... Bartol et al (1979) tested 398 inmates, most of African-American and Hispanic origins using the EPQ (Eysenck Personality Questionnaire). ...

• Word Count: 2818
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

To be sure, rates of violent juvenile behavior increased in some cities in the 1980s and early 1990s, including Pittsburgh (Loeber, Farrington, Stouthamer-Loeber et al., 2008) and Denver (Huizinga, Weiher, Espiritu, & Esbensen, 2003). ... A recent study (Mulvey, Steinberg, Piquero et al., 2010) of more than one thousand adolescents adjudicated for serious offenses in Philadelphia (Philadelphia County) and in Phoenix (Maricopa County) found that juvenile justice system services and supervision reduced their level of involvement in antisocial activities. ... Juvenile court-based services were m...

• Word Count: 2448
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The American Bar Association Project on Standards for Probation recommends that there should be a sufficiently low average caseload to provide adequate supervision and to develop variable caseloads for different types of offenders and assignment techniques which will maximize supervision (Albanese et al. 64). The underlying assumption on which probation must rest is that most probationers need supervision and the skill with which it is deployed will in large determine the success of the system (Albanese et al. 66). ...

• Word Count: 1772
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

It is irrelevant at one level whether crime is really increasing or not (Ericson et. al, 1991: 285). ... The newswire is a vital source of stories that can be re-edited to fulfill the daily requirement of putting out a newspaper (Ericson et. al, 1991: 43). ...

• Word Count: 1719
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Juvenile Reform: On the Right Track? Fifteen people were found dead, and over twenty-three were left wounded. Two gunmen, part of the Trenchcoat Mafia, walked into their school at 11:30 am in Littleton, Colorado and started firing. Although this is not an everyday occurrence, juvenile delinquency...

• Word Count: 2903
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The death penalty has been a controversial topic within the realm of United States justice for centuries now. PHD scholar Hugo A. Bedau, author of "The Death Penalty in America", defines capital punishment is the lawful infliction of the death penalty. The death penalty is unjustified within the do...

• Word Count: 1193
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

A study of the rates of victimisation of Indigenous Australians found that Aboriginal women were 10.7 times more likely to be victims of violent crime than non-Aboriginal women (Harding et al. 1995, pp. 20-3). ...

• Word Count: 3415
• Approx Pages: 14
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

(Question 1) Juvenile delinquency is a complex social problem that significantly impacts all members and processes of a social structure. Delinquency refers to a set of behaviors that are not in line with the collective practices and/or ethics of the dominant social group. Essentially, these behaviors deviate from societal norms and more specifically they violate established criminal codes and laws. Juvenile delinquency incorporates not only general criminal activity but conduct that is only unlawful for youths such as running away from home and skipping school. Current research into th...

• Word Count: 8199
• Approx Pages: 33
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Police strengths in the Vietnam and in addition in other majority rule nations have raised their levels of ready and expanded their inclusion in counter-terrorism (Bayley and Weisburd approaching; Universal Relationship of Head of Police 2005 ; Weisburd et al. prospective). ...

• Word Count: 1434
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Research reports are divided on the causes of school violence. Some refer to family situations. They say that when students are likely to live in poverty, witness drug abuse at home, have parents arrested and/or sent to prison, then it is not surprising how many students behave well, rather than some of them are violent. Access to weapons seems a clear cut cause or contributor to school violence. Crimes with guns and knives wouldn't take place without the students having access to those weapons. ...

• Word Count: 2600
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The link between drug use and crime is not a new one and numerous studies show that drugs use directly relates to crime in multiple ways. First of all, and most directly, it is a crime to use, possess, manufacture, or distribute drugs classified as having a potential for abuse (such as cocaine, her...

• Word Count: 2815
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate