Because of this, Iraq was able to control OPEC and had control of the world's economy. ... This number increased to almost thirty percent after the Baath revolution in 1968, but decreased to eighteen percent during the Iraq-Iran war. ... In the 1980's, Iraq's main foreign policy was the war in Iran. ... They would do this by changing the government and through political campaigns designed to eliminate exploitation, social inequities, sectarian loyalties, apathy, and lack of civil spirit. Another goal of the Baath was to socialize the economy. ...

• Word Count: 1033
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• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Another interpretation is that it was an emergency measure to deal with the economic crisis caused by war, revolution and civil war (Malle 1985). ... War communism was the policy pursued by The Bolshevik party during the Russian Civil War from 1918 to 1920, until Lenin introduced the New Economic Policy. During the civil war Lenin had geared the economy towards the war against the opposition forces, the various strands of the divided "Whites". ... Major agricultural regions were occupied by the white armies during the Civil War, intensifying the food problem further. ... More recent historians...

• Word Count: 2081
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The main threat to Lenin's new empire came in the form of the white movement, a movement from within, a movement from abroad, but in all cases a civil war. ... Service argues that Lenin during the Civil war was too quick to resort to the Cheka and Red army stating; "Lenin preferred to overdo the blows than to risk letting an opponent survive the assault"[5] this could be seen as especially significant when we re-examine Lenin's use of force during the Kronstadt mutiny, although some would argue that this was an overuse of force, during the Civil war Lenin could not afford ...

• Word Count: 1841
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Nearly every conflict, almost all attempts at peace, and most all civil wars spanning the globe have either seen the involvement or fallen under the close observation of English eyes. ... The United States Civil War of 1861-65 was also an instance of which Britain openly sided with the enemies of the union, the Confederacy. ... Of course, one must also take into consideration the fact that the institution that the US in fact had had a civil war in the first place was slavery. ... During the war itself the US and British forces fought alongside each other in coordinated operations such as Ma...

• Word Count: 1715
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The similarities between the men are staggering: each followed the teachings of Socialism and Marxism, each had the tribulations of applying their methods during hostile resistance, war, economic collapse, and foreign invasion. ... The culmination of this style of rule came with the formation of the Red Army, which staged a ruthless civil war against the opposition from 1918 to 1921. ... During this time the Russian economy was in bad shape and worsening daily because of the strain the civil war was having. ... This particular institution was characterized by its increasing of central cont...

• Word Count: 1728
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• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The civil war against the various anti-Bolshevik forces, the paralysing economic crisis, and the widespread political discontent were all dangerous crises that had the potential to unseat the newly formed government. ... In October 1917 the Bolsheviks inherited an economy on the brink of collapse. Four years of devastating war had paralysed Russian industry, and the outbreak of widespread civil war, plus the subsequent loss of important agricultural land (i.e. the Volga region, Ukraine) further compounded the problem. As Fitzpatrick asserts, the Bolsheviks "first and overwhelming probl...

• Word Count: 956
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

During the final year of the war, the British premier, Winston S. ... The WWII also devastated much of Europe's economy, and the Europe's industrial heart had been laid waste as more than 16m people were left as homeless (Phillips et al. 2009). ... For instance, the Soviet Union had been invaded for three times by the West: initially by Germany during the WWI, then by those who helped the Whites during the Russian Civil War, and finally by the Nazi German again during the WWII. Every time the losses from the Russian were considerable, but the losses during the WWII were unprecedented...

• Word Count: 1594
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• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Also another disadvantage that the Caribbean countries are victim to would have to be their size; the small size of the Caribbean islands limits them from benefiting the economies of scale (Ahmed). ... During the cold war era globalization also had a part to play in the degrading of a number of African countries. During the cold war Ethiopia was a reliable ally to the United States who were trying to stop the spread of communism in sub Saharan Africa (Shinn). ... Now Somalia and Ethiopia are both know around the world in a negative light due to the entire problem they have undergone lately, s...

• Word Count: 1705
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• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Is it really possible that the status quo from 80s and the revival of the Cold War is a fact? ... Vladimir Putin during his speech in Munich accused USA of overusing the terms of democracy and peace to pursue particular interests of the US. ... Obama's administration would avoid to name that tensions as a Cold War. ... Both also targeted certain key sectors of Russian economy. ... The first quarter after the end of the Civil War was more of mutual cooper...

• Word Count: 2773
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• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Considering that he shaped the direction of post-World War II Europe, we may regard him as the most powerful person to live during the 20th century. ... Stalin's job was, basically, to manage relations between the various ethnic groups of the former Russian Empire and to develop some sort of coherent policy toward the questions of national secession and civil rights. ... Russia was in the midst of a civil war between the Bolsheviks and a number of opponents (including a considerable number of foreign cadres--among them British, Czech, French, and American detachments). ... It was durin...

• Word Count: 7507
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• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The Soviet economy had made advances under Lenin's semi-capitalist N.E.P with its slight capitalist elements, but Stalin's five-year plans were far more ambitious and so far riskier. ... If the Soviet Union were the face attack from these capitalist powers it would need a stronger industrial platform with which to launch a successful war effort. Memories of help given to the counter revolutionaries during the civil war only helped to highlight the potential disputes. ... By 1926, pre war production levels had only just been achieved after the huge damage to Russia's infrastructu...

• Word Count: 5589
• Approx Pages: 22
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Remark during a visit to the U.S. ... It ended a long civil war against the remnants of the old Czarist military system and established institutions in government. ... During this period the Second World War broke out and drained most of what was left of the already impoverished state. Yet after the war national unity was strengthened as well is the Soviet military machine. ... Stalin was named a war hero. ...

• Word Count: 3016
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

It has proved very difficult to achieve these objectives during the last ten years (Harris). ... Lenin's government would eventually end a long civil war and begin to censor and subordinate all political parties to itself. ... The citizens during this period endured great hardship. ... After World War II, miraculously national unity was strengthened, as well as the Soviet Army. ... This was the organizational restructuring of the Soviet economy and government apparatus. ...

• Word Count: 1541
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Therefore, the United States sought free flow of capital and the "open door" economy. ... The bitter struggle for survival of the Soviet Union in its early stage, in particular the Civil War was hindered by the American and Western involvement. Western allies during the First World War sent in arms and troops to support the White army to defeat the Bolsheviks. ... The mistrust deepened with conflicts during the war. ... Stalin understood that the United States wanted to cripple the Soviet Union by weakening its economy. ...

• Word Count: 3287
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

On the night of November 9, 1989, the Berlin Wall-the most potent symbol of the cold war division of Europe-came down. ... The movement simply went underground, and the rebellious Poles organized their own civil society, separate from the Communist government and its edicts. ... As a result, Poland held its first competitive elections since before World War II, and in 1989, Solidarity formed the first non-Communist government within the Soviet bloc since 1948. ... The collapse of communism in East Central Europe and the Soviet Union marked the end of the cold war. ... The Soviet econo...

• Word Count: 2359
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• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

During this period there was a changing of relationships between China and the liberal-capitalist USA. ... To gain great power status, China sees it as essential to reunify its national territory, modernise and develop its economy and build a powerful military . ... It can be seen through the Chinese foreign policy, written in the times when Mao Zedong was the leader or a communist China that after the end of the civil war in China in 1949, with the victory of the communists over the nationalists, US-China relationships went through a very tense and hostile period. ... USA and China were hosti...

• Word Count: 1650
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Building on Lenin's work, Stalin expanded the centralized bureaucratic system of the Soviet Union during the 1930s. A series of two five-year plans led to a massive expansion of the Soviet economy. ... Only after that, both the people of the USSR and the rest of the world have slowly become aware what really happened during Stalin' rule. ... He was political commisaar of the Soviet Army during the Russian Civil War and Polish-Soviet War. ... During these trials, Marshall Tukhachevsky and Bukhrain were executed. ...

• Word Count: 1356
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

During his few weeks as Vice President, Harry S. ... During World War II he headed the Senate war investigating committee, checking into waste and corruption and saving perhaps as much as 15 billion dollars (whitehouse.gov). ... It was possibly Truman's most controversial decision during his tenure as president. ... Foreign relations and the communist scare were the centerpieces during Truman's presidency. ... Unfortunately, the lack of troop support from the Americans and lack of morale and leadership from the Nationalist leaders resulted in the Nationalists to lose countless batt...

• Word Count: 2478
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• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

During this period, the Social Democrats split into two factions, the Bolsheviks, under the leadership of Lenin, and the Mensheviks. ... The new government, led by Lenin, made peace with the Germans and undertook a bloody, three-year civil war, in which Stalin commanded on several fronts. ... Once in power, Stalin began a drive to industrialize and modernize the Soviet Union, with a Five-Year Plan (1927-32) based on Marxist principles championing government control of the economy. ... Even during the war, he made inflexible demands of his new allies, Prime Minister Winston Churchill of Britain...

• Word Count: 5151
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• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Hungary planned to leave the Warsaw Pact and declare themselves neutral in the Cold War conflict between East and West. ... Warsaw Pact forces were utilised at times, such as during the 1968 Prague Spring, when they invaded Czechoslovakia to put down the democratic reforms that were being implemented by the government there. ... A full scale "east versus west" war never actually broke out, hence the metaphor of a "cold" war, rather than a "hot" shooting war. ... Because of that, the population of the major powers were rarely directly impacted by this war. ... Because there were large ethn...

• Word Count: 2078
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

With Soviet development of nuclear technology arriving nearly three years ahead of schedule, American citizens were fearing an inevitable nuclear war and ensuing downfall of the United States (Schmidt 13). ... McCarthy, along with the obvious civil rights breach that was "The House of Un-American Activities Activities" caused massive distress on the political, social, and economic status in America. ... Eventually, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were sentenced to death by electric chair and became the first US citizens executed for espionage during a peace time (Fried 77). ... The economy thriv...

• Word Count: 1414
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• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

This sphere of interest became more specific and eventually led to a study of inconsistencies regarding historical justifications of Khrushchev's dismissal of war hero Marshall Zhukov. ... While possessing the aura of a great leader during the 1970's, Mao's character has, to some extent, been reinterpreted that he is now depicted as a decadent mass murderer. ... This upheaval lead to thousands or millions of deaths , the halt of education, the removal of the cadres in power, huge damage to the economy, a greater role of the military in politics and placed Mao in complete contr...

• Word Count: 4647
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONARY AVANT-GARDE The avant-garde way of life prospered in Russia directly following the Revolution of 1917, generating one of the most awe-inspiring art movements of the twentieth century. Assembling an entirely new government, the Bolsheviks gave free reign to the Russian avant-garde to create a new culture and thus a new society through art. For this brief time, the culture of the avant-garde was synonymous with official cultural policy of the Soviets. Its leaders were empowered to establish government-sponsored art schools, and an entire system that espoused some of...

• Word Count: 4641
• Approx Pages: 19
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate