When the Mongol army approached a clan on the eastern Kievan Rus border, the clan asked the princes for assistance. ... While ruling their territories from the Mongol's eastern capital, darugi had to implement a procedure so they could adequately tax a territory based on their population. ... Such apparent hopelessness opened the window for the Orthodox Church. ... Basically, the Mongols exempted the Orthodox Church from any and all taxation. ... Originally, pre-Mongolian invasion, the hub for the Orthodox Church was in Kiev. ...

• Word Count: 1372
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

McNeill, Herbert Feis, and Thomas Bailey blamed the start of the Cold War on the USSR's resolution to pursue a path of expanding the ideas of communism and a essentially wanting a socialist revolution come alive throughout Eastern Europe and eventually the world. They pointed to evidence of the Soviets objective to support and set up governments in Eastern European countries that reflected not only their communist views, but also the Soviet way of running those governments through a " return to doctrinal belligerence by Russian leaders. ... As the 1950's ended and the world entered t...

• Word Count: 1800
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The Byzantine Empire, the Greek eastern section of the old Roman Empire, survived the disintegration of the Latin West by approximately a thousand years. ... Instead, the Crusaders of Western Europe invaded and sacked the Christian city of Constantinople, capital of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire. ... The city itself remained prosperous as the Muslim capital in the Ottoman period, but the Christian Eastern Orthodoxy period ended at this time. ... The Hagias Sophia served as the Eastern Orthodox cathedral and seat of the Patriarchate of Constantinople. This church once served as the Or...

• Word Count: 1614
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

(Sacred Destinations, 2005) Orthodox Jews maintain that God gave the Torah, in its entirety, to Moses at Mount Sinai. ... (International Fellowship of Christians and Jews of Australia, 2014) Praying at the Wall is the primary activity for Orthodox Jews, particularly men and with the belief that the divine presence is still resident in some ways behind the stones, they often place written prayers and petitions in the cracks in the walls. ... (Sinclair, 2009) Often classified as "pure" pilgrims, Orthodox and Ultra-Orthodox Jews consider the Wall as a focal point to observe and partic...

• Word Count: 2466
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Some would put the blame entirely on the Soviet Union and argue that the Cold War was the result of its aggression - that is the Orthodox theory. ... He wanted to build up Russian control of the Eastern Europe that was seen by the west as an act of aggression. In 1946 Churchill, who had been the UK wartime Prime Minister spoke of an "Iron Curtain" falling across the Eastern Europe in which Russians now controlled many states. That would be the view of the West in the support of the Orthodox theory. ... However, the West saw Soviet occupation in the Eastern Europe as an act of aggression and fe...

• Word Count: 1778
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Struggle The Catholic Church experienced a split between the eastern and western parts of Europe. ... During the 600s and 700s eastern centers were captured by the dynamic new faith of Islam, with only Constantinople remaining unconquered. ... Medieval Christianity in the West, unlike its eastern counterpart, developed into a single entity. ... During the first centuries of Islam its law and theology, the basic orthodox Islamic disciplines, were developed. ... In the 11th century, attacks on philosophy by orthodox Islamic thinkers, notably the theologian al Ghazali, had much to do with the eve...

• Word Count: 1764
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Introduction No conflict, neither in size nor in scope, is comparable to the Eastern Front, 1941-45. ... This colossal conflict played a decisive role in destroying the Nazi regime: the German armed forces suffered 80% of its military deaths in the Eastern Front. ... In Stalin's words the Eastern Front was a "war of the entire Soviet people." ...

• Word Count: 2415
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

If it followed the pattern of Middle Eastern history up to that point, Islam would have been virtually discarded after its leader's death. ... Middle Eastern leadership, prior to Mohammed, was capricious at its best. ... Leaders of the three major non-Muslim religions, Greek Orthodox, Armenian Christianity, and Judaism, resided in Istanbul and collected taxes which were handed over to the state. ...

• Word Count: 2157
• Approx Pages: 9
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

In addition to numerous scattered groups, two main schools of systematic gnostic thought seem to have existed in the second century the Basilideans and the Valentinians, the latter divided into Eastern and Western branches. ... In my understanding of the gnosis and how it differed from the Orthodox teachings of Christianity deals with the resurrection of Christ. ... This was the position that the early fathers of the orthodox church supported. One of the early Christian writers Quintus Septimus Florens Tertullianus who was the initiator of ecclesiastical Latin defined the orthodox position: ...

• Word Count: 1846
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Ethnic attachments are inherited rather than chosen, and those who exercise an ethnic form of nationalism are generally considered to be those who have been adversely affected by the political development of alternative civic societies elsewhere - the Jews in pre-war Europe, the Kurds in northern Iraq/eastern Turkey or the Muslims in Bosnia and Kosovo to name but three examples. ... In fact, the concepts of civic and ethnic nationalism are often, when applied to Europe, referred to as "Western" and "Eastern" nationalism respectively. ... Germany and Russia, at that time lacking forms of cle...

• Word Count: 1651
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Byzantine art was developed in the Eastern Roman Empire between 330AD and 1453AD. ... Byzantine art was a religious art, the orthodox subjects were chosen according to traditional themes and theological meanings. ...

• Word Count: 1363
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

In the late 15th century, the majority Orthodox populated Bosnia and Herzegovina also fell to the Ottoman Turks. ... However, the majority of Albanians and Serbs were still Orthodox Christians, and due to Turkish military victories, began centralizing in and around the city of Belgrade. ...

• Word Count: 2293
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

In the Bulgarian public mind at the time, words like "Protestant" stood about halfway between "Eastern Orthodox" and "Muslim", i.e. they were of a moderately opprobrious nature, usually implying "too strange to swallow". ...

• Word Count: 1720
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate