If rights given by domestic law are violated, the law will impose sanctions on the violators and/or pay damages to the victim. ... The CRC, like International Labour Organisation (ILO) Convention (No. 138), provides that sanctions should be taken up to ensure the effective enforcement of the measures it provides. Sanctions in respect of the enforcement of labour law are necessary but not sufficient. ... The optional procedure to the CRC on the Sale of Children, child Prostitution, and pornography makes the sexual exploitation of children an international criminal offence. ... But as mentioned ...

• Word Count: 888
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

In criminal proceedings, the accusatorial process was replaced with a structure of prosecution, which required the testimony of two witnesses or the confession of the accused as 'proof' for a conviction. ... In 1764, the work of Cesare Beccaria, author of On Crimes and Punishments, became so influential as to lead to the banning of judicial torture in criminal proceedings Europe. ... Although torture was sanctioned by some states historically, it is prohibited under international law and the domestic laws of most countries, as developed in the mid-20th century. ... Torture is also...

• Word Count: 1146
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

There have been many amended state and federal laws aimed at controlling the statutes relating to criminal incarceration and punishments. ... Criminals have throughout the ages been punished and incarcerated for varying degrees of severity; from lenient to inhumane. Laws and mandates have been established to separate criminals from the rest of the population for a reason. ... This is an injustice to the families of victims that depend on the courts and legislature for protection against criminals. ... The death penalty is not cruel but an "extreme sanction" necessary for extreme cri...

• Word Count: 1114
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Women faced with unwanted pregnancies have turned to abortion, regardless of religious or legal sanction and often at considerable risk. ... Even after criminalization of abortion, women continued to have abortions in roughly the same proportions. ...

• Word Count: 1288
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

This bill, however, promotes a complete opposite effect in that it imprisons Americans into being monitored at all times as if every American is a potential criminal. ... The Fourth Amendment protects against unreasonable searches and seizures and requires any warrant to be judicially sanctioned and supported by probable cause. ...

• Word Count: 1178
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

And thus, in the state of Nature, one man comes by a power over another, but yet no absolute or arbitrary power to use a criminal, when he has got him in his hands, according to the passionate heats or boundless extravagancy of his own will, but only to retribute to him so far as calm reason and conscience dictate, what is proportionate to his transgression, which is so much as may serve for reparation and restraint. ... It is certain their laws, by virtue of any sanction they receive from the promulgated will of the legislature, reach not a stranger. ... From these two distinct rights (the on...

• Word Count: 7672
• Approx Pages: 31
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

In the modern world of high level of information accessibility and mass awareness of professionals' legal obligations, the role of decision-making in healthcare delivery has evolved into a system where health care policies and ethics has given the service users the absolute power to decide about their care. The purpose of this essay is to critically evaluate the role of healthcare professionals in relation to decision-making process from different ethical and legal perspectives, and discuss virtue ethics theory and principles that applies in the situation of a clinical dilemma to be prese...

• Word Count: 2744
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate