Russian Foreign Policy Through the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries, the Tsarist foreign policy focussed on geographic expansion and growth in power. ... Autocracy became an essential feature of the foreign policy from 1613 when the Romanov family replaced the Muscovite dynasty. ... Furthermore, the Russian citizens contempt with the government as long as the Orthodox faith had significance in the foreign policy. ... The foreign policy called for a growth in power by expansionism. ... The Pan-Slavism movement in the mid-nineteenth century was implemented during the reformation of Russia&#x...

• Word Count: 2499
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Historian André Fontaine, moreover, sees the starting point of the war in 1917 with the Bolshevik Revolution, and suggests that it was mainly due to the aggressive policies of the USSR in foreign policy, dictated by its Communist ideology. ... On the other hand, some other revisionist historians point at the US foreign policy as the culprit of the origins of the Cold War, culminating in the McCarthy witch-hunts of the 1950s. ... He bases this hypothesis on the historical facts such as the violation of Yalta and Potsdam agreements, the occupation and imposed Soviet control in Eastern E...

• Word Count: 990
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Stalin aimed to revoked religion, control devotion, individualism and free thought. ... Paragraph Four - Foreign Policy Foreign policy and international relations headed by Stalin within the USSR played a significant role in the cohesion and division of the time. ... Until the war Stalin's policies were based on avoiding conflict. ... The policies of industrialisation and the Five-Year Plans, coupled with large-scale use of terror and strict social controls, have been collectively termed ˜Stalinism'. ... The USSR's ability to undertake the economic policies of the Five-Ye...

• Word Count: 1393
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

By the middle of 1918 these various groups held more than two-thirds of Russian soil, and threatened to take control of the central regions currently under Bolshevik control. ... They did so through a vast policy of nationalisation, whereby all banks, wholesale trade and large enterprises (and later, small enterprises) were brought under state control. ... And again, these responses are an example of how the new regime was able to adjust its policies and ideas as the situation demanded. ... However, this view ignores the fact that the actual idea's and policies behind the new and ...

• Word Count: 956
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

A major factor was the Stalin's foreign policy. He wanted to build up Russian control of the Eastern Europe that was seen by the west as an act of aggression. In 1946 Churchill, who had been the UK wartime Prime Minister spoke of an "Iron Curtain" falling across the Eastern Europe in which Russians now controlled many states. ... However, the main issue at Potsdam was who would control Europe. ... The Soviet Union has seen America as a state with the desire for an Empire, who was interfering with their home policies; the US has seen a direct threat in the foreign policies of the USSR and ...

• Word Count: 1778
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Lastly by not privatizing large enterprises gave the state control of the assets to avoid any extreme cases of tunneling and asset stripping. These acts suggest that state ownerships and control played an important role in maintaining industrial production cushioned economic growth. ... The Government then took action and announced the unification of the exchange rate and adopted a market-based monetary policy. ... By liberalizing to slowly set Belarus into a trap that severely disabled them from leaving a state-controlled economy. ... This country still needs more structural reform and an a...

• Word Count: 897
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Arms control is arguably one of the most prominent issues every nation of the world has to deal with, this is because every man woman and child on the planet may potentially be affected by the arms another country posses. ... They may have bad relations with some of the member states at the convention, this raises a problem, there is no possible way to make states comply with terms that in fact other countries have set down, it seems that for arms control to create stability each country has to take the guidelines and restrictions that arms control carries it cannot be forced or compromised. A...

• Word Count: 2631
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Stalin controlled most of the political power in Russia and began a series of purges to remove all non-Communists from office. ... In an attempt to make a more tolerant and open political environment, Gorbachev began the "Glasnost- policy. ... State control was loosened and individual initiative was encouraged. ... In a decree in December of 1991, he abolished price controls on almost all goods and services. By February 1992, approximately ninety per cent of consumer goods were being sold without any form of government control. ...

• Word Count: 1541
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Under Lenin industrialisation was initialised by aiming to recover the economy from the toils of war and the necessary policy of War communism. ... Stalin focused on moving the Russian economy forward through his use of 5 year plans (nearly identical to the format of the GOELRO plan) and his policy of collectivisation. Much of the policy of Collectivisation was envisaged by Stalin himself and in the short run was a disaster, starting a 10 year long food shortage and economic deficit. ... The wide and varied methods of control employed by Stalin included terror, censorship, propaganda and centr...

• Word Count: 1841
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

When Lenin arrived back in Petrograd from his exile in Switzerland, on April 3, 1917, he strongly criticized Stalin for printing both of these opinions and demanded an immediate reversal in policy. ... Stalin's job was, basically, to manage relations between the various ethnic groups of the former Russian Empire and to develop some sort of coherent policy toward the questions of national secession and civil rights. ... Stalin performed exceptionally well, winning a decisive victory on June 16 with the capture of two White-controlled fortresses. ...

• Word Count: 7507
• Approx Pages: 30
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Yet many of the Bolshevik policies skewed the lines between socialism and authoritarian rule. ... Idealism was thrown away by realism in Russia as Lenin failed to convince the whole of Russia of his policies, meeting much resistance in a country already exhausted from World War I. ... "After the outbreak of the Civil War, the Cheka became an organ of terror, dispensing summary justice including executions, making mass arrests, and taking hostages at random in areas that had come under White control or were suspected of leaning towards the Whites."" Russia continued into a spiraling path away...

• Word Count: 1036
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The economic status of the Soviet Union was yet again changed and the entire system became controlled by the government. ... A new policy of efficiency and quality control was brought in. ... Krushchev's denouncing of Stalin's policies was criticized and slowly some of Stalin's political disciplinary policies were restored. ... He began a policy called "Glasnost" which emphasized openness with regard to discussion of social problems and shortcomings. ... State control was lo! ...

• Word Count: 3016
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Their failures as leaders included policies that either pleased or benefited the people. ... The government's continued half-hearted attempts to reform Russian society, combined with its resolute refusal to compromise on any matter of power and control put Russia on a course toward revolt. ... Russia's backward position relative to the West, its lack of arms, poor training, and corruption in the high levels of government and the army translated into such military losses that Tsar Nicholas II decided to take direct control of the . ...

• Word Count: 356
• Approx Pages: 1
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The defeat in the Russo-Japanese War and the failure of the Duma to control Nicholas" inefficient rule both created misery amongst the Russian people. ... There are several factors which isolated the Tsar and ignited the revolution: the Tsar's role is commander in Chief linked the failure of the army with the monarchy; the role of Nicholas's wife, a German and Rasputin, a suspected German agent, created much hatred as they took control while the Tsar was at war; the state of the army, trained inefficiently and affected by lack of food and supplies, deteriorated; the failure of the Du...

• Word Count: 770
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The defeat in the Russo-Japanese War and the failure of the Duma to control Nicholas" inefficient rule both created misery amongst the Russian people. ... There are several factors which isolated the Tsar and ignited the revolution: the Tsar's role is commander in Chief linked the failure of the army with the monarchy; the role of Nicholas's wife, a German and Rasputin, a suspected German agent, created much hatred as they took control while the Tsar was at war; the state of the army, trained inefficiently and affected by lack of food and supplies, deteriorated; the failure of the Du...

• Word Count: 766
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

It is said that the alliance help smaller states achieve their foreign policies; consequently, hegemonic states would want access to elements that would spread their sphere of influence. ... The hegemonic state subjects itself to the costs of the alliances to try and control the smaller state. ... Entanglement alliances are process whereby a state is compelled to aid an ally in a costly unprofitable enterprise because of the alliance, while entrapped alliances are forms of undesirable entanglement in which the entangling state adopts a risky or offensive policy not specified in the agreement. ...

• Word Count: 636
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

His conclusion was that "the main element of any United States policy toward the Soviet Union must be that of a long-term patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies. ... Given the innate hostility of the Soviet Union and settled upon a policy of "containing "Russian expansionism." ... Revisionists challenged the orthodox idea that U.S foreign policy after World War II was anything but righteous and compassionate; on the contrary, revisionist scholars saw eagerness by the US to promote its own securities abroad. ... This view announced that instead of citizens sup...

• Word Count: 1800
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Many people believed that Rasputin had sexual relationships with the tsarina which allowed him to put a strong control over the tsar (Fuhrman T). It is believed that the tsar became a toy king and the actual administrative matters were controlled by his wife, with the help of Rasputin. ... Alexandra sought his opinion on a variety of policy matters. ... The increasing influence of Rasputin in administration resulted in the creation of unpopular social policies and the people started to protest against the administration. ... Rasputin's crazy life styles and administrative policies were ...

• Word Count: 1462
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

What it means to make "half-measures" in the era in which Gorbachev ruled, meant policies getting out of control, a lack of understanding the direction, opposition and ultimately, destruction. ... Although many of the policies and reformations put into place and attempted by Gorbachev was how Yevtushenko describes, a "half-measure", Gorbachev made a few improvements that Russia as a country without it, would have been different than the nation we see today. The one undoubted success of Gorbachev's successes as a leader was his format for "new political thinking&q...

• Word Count: 1666
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

By the 10th century AD, the Byzantine Empire again conquered Armenia just to lose control to the Turks in 1071 AD. ... By the 19th century AD, the Russian Empire took control of present day Armenia while the Ottoman Empire held control of the former Armenian lands. ... However the Turkish government rejected Armenian independence and tried to conquer it, but the Bolsheviks also invaded Armenia stopping the Turks from taking complete control. ... The Central Bank of Armenia is a separate entity from the government, but acts much like the Federal Reserve does in the United States by being the fi...

• Word Count: 1451
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

These new leaders preached communism which changed the societal culture throughout Russia; however, many Russian peasants were hesitant toward the new government ideas and policies. ... During these times, the USSR lacked funding and therefore had an immense control over the subject and distribution of films domestically and internationally. ... The Russian government used their control over the film industry to slowly apply the new socialistic ideals across Russian grounds. ... In 1921 Russia passed the New Economic Policy (NEP) which allowed economic competition so the Russians would start...

• Word Count: 2028
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

NTLS is very dependent upon economic liberalisation, removing as much as state intervention as possible such as price control; stabilisation, maintaining market order by controlling high inflation caused by marketisation in the short run; and privatisation, making State owned enterprises3 more efficient by exposing them to market fluctuations and making them profit-orientated. ... Naomi Klein has argued that shock policy was a disaster (Klein, 2008). ... In contrast to China's cautious way of economic liberalisation, the Russians removed price control and tightened monetary in one go. ......

• Word Count: 1874
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The Soviet Union, however, tried control areas it considered vital to its national interest, including much of Eastern Europe With the threat of the Soviet Union no longer existing the U.S. is now free to use unlimited force against almost anyone it may choose. ... The U.S. government has continued a policy of convincing the American public of the great evil existing elsewhere to achieve their economic, technological and defensive objectives. ...

• Word Count: 383
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

First, in Stalin's Russia, his Five Year Plans controlled the national economy. Once assuming control, Stalin planned for five years into the future using these legislative acts. ... In Stalin's Russia, his regime of totalitarianism controlled every aspect of Russian society. ... Hitler had complete control of German politics and society, while Stalin, who still had a great deal of control, did not have as much influence as Hitler. ... The most noteworthy aspect of Stalin's social policies in the USSR was his purges and deportations. ...

• Word Count: 2251
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

In terms of the energy resources surrounding Turkey, there are many scholarly written accounts which give as crude facts such as Yergin and Kandiyoti However, there are many biased and politically motivated publications on energy issues as it can be used as a foreign policy tool such as Aliyev and Pinder. ... When considering the dramatic rise and great dependence on a single energy source in EU energy import, the policy makers are right to think about diversifying the supply routes to prevent possible future problems this might create. ...

• Word Count: 6977
• Approx Pages: 28
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate